A unit which is one of a particular measure to which all measures of that type can be related.
A unit which represents a standard measurement of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance.
A dimensionless ratio unit which denotes numbers as fractions of 100.
A dimensionless unit which denotes an amount or magnitude of one quantity relative to another.
A dimensionless ratio unit which, given a pair of quantities a and b, for which b is a multiple of a, denotes b by giving the multiplier (coefficient) c for a to result in b.
Due to the duality of object and portion of matter this axiom can not be an equivalent class axiom.
A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
A thermodynamic temperature unit which is equal to the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m.
A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m.
A temperature unit which is equal to one kelvin degree. However, they have their zeros at different points. The centigrade scale has its zero at 273.15 K.
A time unit which is equal to 60 seconds.
A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes.
A concentration unit which denotes the number of moles of solute as a proportion of the total number of moles in a solution.
A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second.
A pressure unit which is equal to the pressure or stress on a surface caused by a force of 1 newton spread over a surface of 1 m^[2].
A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture.
A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture.
A plane angle unit which is equal to 1/360 of a full rotation or 1.7453310^[-2] rad.
A magnetic flux density unit which is equal to one weber per square meter.
"occurrent part of" is not a BFO2020 temporalized relation. It just restricts the domain and range to "occurrent". That's why is should be OK to make it sub property of RO "part of"
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
entity
(Elucidation) An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist
Julius Caesar; the Second World War; your body mass index; Verdi's Requiem
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
continuant
(Elucidation) A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity
A human being; a tennis ball; a cave; a region of space; someone's temperature
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
occurrent
(Elucidation) An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the start or end of such an entity or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region
As for process, history, process boundary, spatiotemporal region, zero-dimensional temporal region, one-dimensional temporal region, temporal interval, temporal instant.
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
independent continuant
b is an independent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is no c such that b specifically depends on c or b generically depends on c
An atom; a molecule; an organism; a heart; a chair; the bottom right portion of a human torso; a leg; the interior of your mouth; a spatial region; an orchestra
spatial region
(Elucidation) A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant part of the spatial projection of a portion of spacetime at a given time
As for zero-dimensional spatial region, one-dimensional spatial region, two-dimensional spatial region, three-dimensional spatial region
temporal region
(Elucidation) A temporal region is an occurrent over which processes can unfold
As for zero-dimensional temporal region and one-dimensional temporal region
two-dimensional spatial region
(Elucidation) A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is a whole consisting of a surface together with zero or more surfaces which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
The surface of a sphere-shaped part of space; an infinitely thin plane in space
spatiotemporal region
(Elucidation) A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent that is an occurrent part of spacetime
The spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumour; the spatiotemporal region occupied by an orbiting satellite
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
process
event
(Elucidation) p is a process means p is an occurrent that has some temporal proper part and for some time t, p has some material entity as participant
An act of selling; the life of an organism; a process of sleeping; a process of cell-division; a beating of the heart; a process of meiosis; the taxiing of an aircraft; the programming of a computer
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
disposition
internally-grounded realizable entity
(Elucidation) A disposition b is a realizable entity such that if b ceases to exist then its bearer is physically changed & b's realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up
An atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y; the cell wall is disposed to transport cellular material through endocytosis and exocytosis; certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer; children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
realizable entity
(Elucidation) A realizable entity is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region & which is of a type some instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type
The role of being a doctor; the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet; the function of your reproductive organs; the disposition of your blood to coagulate; the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity
zero-dimensional spatial region
(Elucidation) A zero-dimensional spatial region is one or a collection of more than one spatially disjoint points in space
The spatial region occupied at some time instant by the North Pole
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
quality
(Elucidation) A quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized
The colour of a tomato; the ambient temperature of this portion of air; the length of the circumference of your waist; the shape of your nose; the shape of your nostril; the mass of this piece of gold
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
specifically dependent continuant
b is a specifically dependent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region & which is such that b specifically depends on c
(with multiple bearers) John's love for Mary; the ownership relation between John and this statue; the relation of authority between John and his subordinates
(with one bearer) The mass of this tomato; the pink colour of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its centre; the smell of this portion of mozzarella; the disposition of this fish to decay; the role of being a doctor; the function of this heart to pump blood; the shape of this hole
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
role
externally-grounded realizable entity
(Elucidation) A role b is a realizable entity such that b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be & b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed
The priest role; the student role; the role of subject in a clinical trial; the role of a stone in marking a property boundary; the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighbouring administrative territories; the role of a building in serving as a military target
fiat object part
(Elucidation) A fiat object part b is a material entity & such that if b exists then it is continuant part of some object c & demarcated from the remainder of c by one or more fiat surfaces
The upper and lower lobes of the left lung; the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body; the Western hemisphere of the Earth; the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body
one-dimensional spatial region
(Elucidation) A one-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a line together with zero or more lines which may have points as parts
An edge of a cube-shaped portion of space; a line connecting two points; two parallel lines extended in space
object aggregate
(Elucidation) An object aggregate is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality (≥1) of objects as member parts which together form a unit
The aggregate of the musicians in a symphony orchestra and their instruments; the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint; the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere; a collection of cells in a blood biobank
three-dimensional spatial region
(Elucidation) A three-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a spatial volume together with zero or more spatial volumes which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
A cube-shaped region of space; a sphere-shaped region of space; the region of space occupied by all and only the planets in the solar system at some point in time
site
(Elucidation) A site is a three-dimensional immaterial entity whose boundaries either (partially or wholly) coincide with the boundaries of one or more material entities or have locations determined in relation to some material entity
A hole in a portion of cheese; a rabbit hole; the Grand Canyon; the Piazza San Marco; the kangaroo-joey-containing hole of a kangaroo pouch; your left nostril (a fiat part - the opening - of your left nasal cavity); the lumen of your gut; the hold of a ship; the interior of the trunk of your car; hole in an engineered floor joist
object
(Elucidation) An object is a material entity which manifests causal unity & is of a type instances of which are maximal relative to the sort of causal unity manifested
An organism; a fish tank; a planet; a laptop; a valve; a block of marble; an ice cube
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
generically dependent continuant
g-dependent continuant
(Elucidation) A generically dependent continuant is an entity that exists in virtue of the fact that there is at least one of what may be multiple copies which is the content or the pattern that multiple copies would share
The pdf file on your laptop; the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop; the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule; the content that is shared by a string of dots and dashes written on a page and the transmitted Morse code signal; the content of a sentence; an engineering blueprint
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
function
(Elucidation) A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of its bearer's physical make-up & this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artefacts) in order to realize processes of a certain sort
The function of a hammer to drive in nails; the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
process boundary
p is a process boundary =Def p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts
The boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life
one-dimensional temporal region
(Elucidation) A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole that has a temporal interval and zero or more temporal intervals and temporal instants as parts
The temporal region during which a process occurs
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
Elucidation: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
material entity
(Elucidation) A material entity is an independent continuant has some portion of matter as continuant part
A human being; the undetached arm of a human being; an aggregate of human beings
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part of
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has part
has realization
realized in
b has realization c =Def c realizes b
As for realizes
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
(Elucidation) realizes is a relation between a process b and realizable entity c such that c inheres in some d & for all t, if b has participant d then c exists & the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c
A balding process realizes a disposition to go bald; a studying process realizes a student role; a process of pumping blood realizes the pumping function of a heart
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
preceded by
b preceded by c =Def b precedes c
The temporal region occupied by the second half of the match is preceded by the temporal region occupied by the first half of the match
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
precedes
(Elucidation) precedes is a relation between occurrents o, o' such that if t is the temporal extent of o & t' is the temporal extent of o' then either the last instant of o is before the first instant of o' or the last instant of o is the first instant of o' & neither o nor o' are temporal instants
The temporal region occupied by Mary's birth precedes the temporal region occupied by Mary's death.
occurs in
b occurs in c =Def b is a process or a process boundary & c is a material entity or site & there exists a spatiotemporal region r & b occupies spatiotemporal region r & for all time t, if b exists at t then c exists at t & there exist spatial regions s and s' where b spatially projects onto s at t & c occupies spatial region s' at t & s is a continuant part of s' at t
A process of digestion occurs in the interior of an organism; a process of loading artillery rounds into a tank cannon occurs in the interior of the tank
exists at
(Elucidation) exists at is a relation between a particular and some temporal region at which the particular exists
First World War exists at 1914-1916; Mexico exists at January 1, 2000
has occurrent part
b has occurrent part c =Def c occurrent part of b
Mary's life has occurrent part Mary's 5th birthday
has proper occurrent part
b has proper occurrent part c =Def b has occurrent part c & b and c are not identical
As for has occurrent part.
occurrent part of
(Elucidation) occurrent part of is a relation between occurrents b and c when b is part of c
Mary's 5th birthday is an occurrent part of Mary's life; the first set of the tennis match is an occurrent part of the tennis match
proper occurrent part of
b proper occurrent part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & b and c are not identical
As for occurrent part of.
continuant fiat boundary
(Elucidation) A continuant fiat boundary b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions & such that there is no time t when b has a spatial region as continuant part & whose location is determined in relation to some material entity
As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface
immaterial entity
b is an immaterial entity =Def b is an independent continuant which is such that there is no time t when it has a material entity as continuant part
As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface, site
fiat line
(Elucidation) A fiat line is a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is continuous
The Equator; all geopolitical boundaries; all lines of latitude and longitude; the median sulcus of your tongue; the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin
relational quality
b is a relational quality =Def b is a quality & there exists c and d such that c and d are not identical & b specifically depends on c & b specifically depends on d
A marriage bond; an instance of love; an obligation between one person and another
fiat surface
(Elucidation) A fiat surface is a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is self-connected
The surface of the Earth; the plane separating the smoking from the non-smoking zone in a restaurant
fiat point
(Elucidation) A fiat point is a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that consists of a single point
The geographic North Pole; the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona meet; the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system
zero-dimensional temporal region
(Elucidation) A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole consisting of one or more separated temporal instants as parts
A temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary; the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
environs
b environs c =Def c occurs in b
Mouth environs process of mastication; city environs traffic
temporal interval
(Elucidation) A temporal interval is a one-dimensional temporal region that is continuous, thus without gaps or breaks
The year 2018.
temporal instant
(Elucidation) A temporal instant is a zero-dimensional temporal region that has no proper temporal part
The millennium
An atom of an element that exhibits properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. The term generally includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, while carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine are less commonly included.
An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.
A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.
Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.
A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.
A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek θαλλοσ, a green shoot).
Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.
Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.
An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
Frequently used for fluidic portions of matter and/or in the context of chemical reactions. Boundary to material not always sharp.
A pure substance is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, which are all of the same kind.
Pure water, a portion of iron atoms. In contrast, salt water 'has part' a portion of pure water and a portion of pure NaCl. Steel 'has part' a 'portion of pure iron', a 'portion of pure carbon' and possibly portions of other alloying- and impurity-elements.
completely executed planned process
A process that is initiated by an agent who intends to carry out a plan to achieve an objective through one or more actions as described in a plan specification.
planned process
example to be eventually removed
Examples of measurement unit labels are liters, inches, weight per volume.
A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term measurement unit was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000176) , edited by Chris Stoeckert and Cristian Cocos, and subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definition of this, different, term.
2009-03-16: review of this term done during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
measurement unit label
In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
objective specification
Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
action specification
A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label
9/22/11 BP: changed the rdfs:label for this class from 'label' to 'datum label' to convey that this class is not intended to cover all kinds of labels (stickers, radiolabels, etc.), and not even all kind of textual labels, but rather the kind of labels occuring in a datum.
datum label
Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit.
see sourceforge tracker discussion at http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=1958818&group_id=177891&atid=886178
GROUP: OBI
software
Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
data item
Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
An information content entity is an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in relation of aboutness to some entity.
2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
Pier: 'data, information or knowledge'. OR 'representation'
information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
information content entity
An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
directive information entity
has measurement unit label
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
curation status specification
Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
data about an ontology part
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
failed exploratory term
PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231.
Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them
plan specification
Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}.
A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay?
measurement datum
A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
example of usage
The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
definition
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
editor note
Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
definition source
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
metadata complete
Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
organizational term
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
ready for release
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
metadata incomplete
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
uncurated
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
pending final vetting
This document is about information artifacts and their representations
A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
is about
A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named.
A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r
Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan
denotes
m is a quality measurement of q at t. When q is a quality, there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q
8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The strategy is to be rather specific with this relationship. There are other kinds of measurements that are not of qualities, such as those that measure time. We will add these as separate properties for the moment and see about generalizing later
From the second IAO workshop [Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009: not completely current, though bringing in comparison is probably important] This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. -- From the second IAO workshop, various comments, [commented on by Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009] unit of measure is a quality, e.g. the length of a ruler. [We decided to hedge on what units of measure are, instead talking about measurement unit labels, which are the information content entities that are about whatever measurement units are. For IAO we need that information entity in any case. See the term measurement unit label] [Some struggling with the various subflavors of is_about. We subsequently removed the relation represents, and describes until and only when we have a better theory] a represents b means either a denotes b or a describes describe: a describes b means a is about b and a allows an inference of at least one quality of b We have had a long discussion about denotes versus describes.
From the second IAO workshop: An attempt at tieing the quality to the measurement datum more carefully. a is a magnitude means a is a determinate quality particular inhering in some bearer b existing at a time t that can be represented/denoted by an information content entity e that has parts denoting a unit of measure, a number, and b. The unit of measure is an instance of the determinable quality.
From the second meeting on IAO: An attempt at defining assay using Barry's "reliability" wording assay: process and has_input some material entity and has_output some information content entity and which is such that instances of this process type reliably generate outputs that describes the input.
This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details.
is quality measurement of
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
obsolescence reason specification
placeholder removed
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
terms merged
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term imported
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
term split
inverse of the relation 'denotes'
denoted by
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters
denotator type
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
universal
inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of
2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship
is quality measured as
A relation between a data item and a quality of a material entity where the material entity is the specified output of a material transformation which achieves an objective specification that indicates the intended value of the specified quality.
is quality specification of
inverse of the relation of is quality specification of
quality is specified as
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
defined class
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
named class expression
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
to be replaced with external ontology term
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
requires discussion
An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity.
Sep 29, 2016: The current definition has been amended from the previous version: "A proper name is an information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity." to more accuratly reflect the necessary and sufficient condition on the class. (MB)
identifier
A planned process that provides a reference to an individual entity shared by a group of subscribers to refer to that individual entity.
identifier creating process
When a specimen of blood is assayed for glucose concentration, the blood has the evaluant role. When measuring the mass of a mouse, the evaluant is the mouse. When measuring the time of DNA replication, the evaluant is the DNA. When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source.
a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role
Role call - 17nov-08: JF and MC think an evaluant role is always specified input of a process. Even in the case where we have an assay taking blood as evaluant and outputting blood, the blood is not the specified output at the end of the assay (the concentration of glucose in the blood is)
examples of features that could be described in an evaluant: quality.... e.g. "contains 10 pg/ml IL2", or "no glucose detected")
Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term.
evaluant role
Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house.
A planned process that has the objective to produce information about a material entity (the evaluant) by examining it.
12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation.
Discussion on OBI call 2023-05-01 resulted in an agreement to revise the textual definition of 'assay'. https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1683.
OBI branch derived
assay
PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.
An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now.
organization
The plan of researcher X to perform an experiment according to a protocol.
A plan is a realizable entity that is the inheres in a bearer who is committed to realizing it as a completely executed planned process.
This class is included to make clear how the plan specification, the plan, and the planned process relate. OBI will however only subclass and work under the 'plan specification', and 'planned process' class, as we want to avoid to get deep into discussions of 'intend' etc.
branch derived
plan
see is_input_of example_of_usage
The inverse property of is specified input of
8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works.
has specified input
some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay
A relation between a completely executed planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
is specified input of
The inverse property of is specified output of
has specified output
http://www.affymetrix.com/products/arrays/specific/hgu133.affx is_manufactered_by http://www.affymetrix.com/ (if we decide to use these URIs for the actual entities)
c is_manufactured_by o means that there was a process p in which c was built in which a person, or set of people or machines did the work(bore the "Manufacturer Role", and those people/and or machines were members or of directed by the organization to do this.
is_manufactured_by
A relation between a completely executed planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
is specified output of
A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective'
This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch
With respect to The Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer System, the organization Accuri bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a transformed line of tissue culture cells derived by a specific lab, the lab whose personnel isolated the cll line bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a specific antibody produced by an individual scientist, the scientist who purifies, characterizes and distributes the anitbody bears the role manufacturer role.
Manufacturer role is a role which inheres in a person or organization and which is realized by a manufacturing process.
A person or organization that has a manufacturer role.
A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about.
A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories
A value specification that consists of two parts: a numeral and a unit label
The value of 'positive' in a classification scheme of "positive or negative"; the value of '20g' on the quantitative scale of mass.
An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale.
This term is currently a descendant of 'information content entity', which requires that it 'is about' something. A value specification of '20g' for a measurement data item of the mass of a particular mouse 'is about' the mass of that mouse. However there are cases where a value specification is not clearly about any particular. In the future we may change 'value specification' to remove the 'is about' requirement.
A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it.
A range of 'real' might be better than 'float'. For now we follow 'has measurement value' until we can consider technical issues with SPARQL queries and reasoning.
A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value.
A relation between a value specification and a literal.
This is not an RDF/OWL object property. It is intended to link a value found in e.g. a database column of 'M' (the literal) to an instance of a value specification class, which can then be linked to indicate that this is about the biological gender of a human subject.
has specified value
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has characteristic
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates in
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has participant
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant or process, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant or process in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes.
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant or process and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives from
this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives into
my head is the location of my brain
this cage is the location of this rat
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
location of
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
located in
x simultaneous with y iff ω(x) = ω(y) and ω(α ) = ω(α), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point and '=' indicates the same instance in time.
t1 simultaneous_with t2 iff:= t1 before_or_simultaneous_with t2 and not (t1 before t2)
simultaneous with
starts
Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
starts with
ends
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
ends with
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p.
has output
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
output of
A mass measurement assay measures an material's mass characteristic. A radioactivity detection assay measures the amount of radiation (alpha, beta or gamma ray emmissions) coming from a material.
A relation between an assay and a characteristic, in which the assay generates a data item which is a measure of a characteristic.
assay measures characteristic
Inverse of 'assay measures characteristic'
characteristic measured by assay
relationship between a planned process and the plan specification that it carries out; it is defined as equivalent to the composed relationship (realizes o concretizes)
1,000,000-fold of the derived unit pascal
Megapascal
Megapaskal
The SI unit of pressure. The pascal is the standard pressure unit in the MKS metric system, equal to one newton per square meter or one "kilogram per meter per second per second." The unit is named for Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), French philosopher and mathematician, who was the first person to use a barometer to measure differences in altitude.
Newton na Kvadratni Meter
Newton na Čtvereční Metr
Newton par Mètre Carré
Newton pe Metru Pătrat
Newton per Meter Persegi
Newton per Metrekare
Newton per Metro Quadrato
Newton per Square Meter
Newton per Square Metre
Newton por Metro Cuadrado
Newton por Metro Quadrado
Newton pro Quadratmeter
Newtonium per Metrum Quadratum
Niuton na Metr Kwadratowy
Νιούτον ανά Τετραγωνικό Μέτρο
Ньютон на Квадратный Метр
Нютон на Квадратен Метър
"Percent" is a unit for 'Dimensionless Ratio' expressed as $\%$.
Percent
SI derived unit watt divided by the SI base unit kilogram
Vatio por Kilogramo
Wat na Kilogram
Watt na Kilogram
Watt par Kilogramme
Watt pe Kilogram
Watt per Chilogrammo
Watt per Kilogram
Watt por Quilograma
Watt pro Kilogramm
Wattium per Chiliogramma
Βατ ανά Χιλιόγραμμο
Ват на Килограм
Ватт на Килограмм
is subject of
Instances of Portions Of Matter whose shape is relevant for their dispostion to participate in a manufacturing process may be (subclasses of) objects that bear a 'blank role' in the context of the manufacturing process.
Material is defined in terms of the three main perspectives that material specifications rely on: the structure of the material ("intensive quality"), the performance of the material ("behavoiral material property") and the processing the material must have undergone ("output of some process"). When defining specific materials/material taxonomies, these three aspects shall be taken into account in the aristotelian ("per genus et differentiam") as differentiation.
The sum of portions of matter of the same type form a portion of matter of that type.
Material
material
Portion of Material
A material is a portion of matter that may participate in some manufacturing process and whose shape is not relevant for its participation in the manufacturing process.
It is also representing a distinct physical or conceptual part of a material or substance. The open energy ontology OEO defines portion of matter as a subclass of object aggregate, which implies countability. Our portion is not (precisely) countable and thus bearer of intensive properties.
Lome explanation for portion of matter: "What is a molecule cluster at the cellular level? Contrary to the molecular level, at the cellular level of granularity the boundary of each molecule is outside of the level of granular focus. What forms a discontinuous cluster of countable individual molecules and thus bona fide objects at the molecular level, is a continuous and non-countable molecular substance at coarser levels of granularity. At these coarser levels, the individual molecules cannot be differentiated and demarcated anymore and the cluster as a whole possesses only fiat inner boundaries."
portion of matter
A material entity that is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities. At some finer level of granularity it is an object aggregate, at some coarser level of granularity it is a fiat object part,but at this level of granularity it is neither.
We recognize that some of the materials in the subclasses also occur naturally. However, these are not within the scope of our consideration for technical use.
engineered material
An engineered material is a material that is output of a manufacturing process.
Inverse of 'is about'.
A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size. (Callister, W.D., Rethwisch, D.G., Materials Science and Engineering, Wiley, 2014) Technical materials are complex aggregates. Many properties that are determined for those aggregates are intrinsically associated with the methodologies employed in the measurement process. This is in contrast to typical 'physical' properties, which like e.g. mass that can be determined to high accuracy independently of the measurement process. As a consequence, material properties in the ontology are differeciated according to their measurement method, e.g. Brinell hardness and Vickers hardness are different types of indentation hardness rather than different measures/quantification (GDC) of the materials property 'indentation hardness'. The 'unit idenifieres' of such properties (e.g. "HV1", "HV10", "HBW") are strictly speaking not units but rather references to the measurement methodology used to determine a numeric value that quantifies the property. Extensive properties that depend on the object being tested rather than on the portion of matter are (extensive) object- or system-properties.
material property
a disposition of a portion of matter that is realized in a compatible process and whose realization is grounded in the portions intensive qualities
has value
data property that relates an information content entity to a literal
Process attribute for a process has a similar application to specifically dependened continuant (SDC) for an independent continuant (IC). Furthermore, process attribute describes how SDCs of some participants, i.e., ICs, change in a process. Specific rates, e.g., tensile rate, cooling rate, etc. should be added as subclasses of this class.
process attribute
process attribute from OEO https://openenergyplatform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00030019
Renamed to avoid confusion with has characteristic object property
process characteristic
a process attribute is a dependent occurrent that existentially depends on a process.
Tensile rate in a tensile testing process. Cooling rate in a quenching process
has process attribute
has process attribute from OEO https://openenergyplatform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00000500
A relation between a process and a process attribute that depends on it.
Tensile testing process has process attribute tensile rate
Schmelzprozess
melting process
Ein Schmelzvorgang ist ein thermisch induzierter Prozess, bei dem ein festes Material einen Phasenübergang in einen flüssigen Zustand erfährt. Er beinhaltet die Absorption von Wärme und findet bei oder oberhalb des Schmelzpunkts des Materials statt.
a thermally induced change of aggregate state during which a solid material undergoes a phase transition into a liquid state. It involves the absorption of heat and occurs at or above the material's melting point.
The process of melting aluminum ingots in preparation for extrusion.
Heizfunktion
heating function
A temperature change function that, when realized, enables a system or device to increase the thermal energy of a material, typically to reach temperatures required for processing, transformation, or reaction.
Eine Heizfunktion ist eine (realisierbare) Funktion, die ein System oder Gerät in die Lage versetzt, die Wärmeenergie eines Materials zu erhöhen, um die für die Verarbeitung, Umwandlung oder Reaktion erforderlichen Temperaturen zu erreichen.
The function of a resistance heater in a vacuum furnace.
Kühlfunktion
cooling function
A temperature change function that enables a system or device to lower the temperature of a material, often to control solidification or maintain a stable state below a desired thermal threshold.
Eine Kühlfunktion ist eine (realisierbare) Funktion, die es einem System oder Gerät ermöglicht, die Temperatur eines Materials zu senken, häufig um die Erstarrung zu steuern oder einen stabilen Zustand unterhalb eines gewünschten thermischen Schwellenwerts aufrechtzuerhalten.
The function of a water-cooled mold to solidify molten metal in casting.
An electric arc furnace used in steelmaking.
Schmelzofen
melting furnace
A melting furnace is a device that bears a melting function, typically designed to raise the temperature of a solid material to initiate and sustain its transformation into a melt.
Ein Schmelzofen ist ein Gerät, das eine Schmelzfunktion hat und in der Regel dazu dient, die Temperatur eines festen Materials zu erhöhen, um seine Umwandlung in eine Schmelze einzuleiten und aufrechtzuerhalten.
Schmelzfunktion
melting function
A heating function that, when realized, enables a device or system to initiate or sustain the phase transition of a solid material into a liquid by raising its temperature above the melting point.
Eine Schmelzfunktion ist eine Heizfunktion, die es einem Gerät oder System ermöglicht, den Phasenübergang eines festen Materials in eine Flüssigkeit einzuleiten oder aufrechtzuerhalten, indem seine Temperatur über den Schmelzpunkt angehoben wird.
The function of an induction coil in a furnace to heat metal until it melts.
Indicates whether the ontology element is part of the minimal profile of the ontology. Useful for modularization, simplified views, or lightweight implementations.
isInMinimalProfile
An editor note referring to a pattern which shows the usage of this class or property.
pattern example
For any temporally qualified continuant x@t, there exists a continuant y such that x@t has_state y, meaning that y is the anchor continuant of which x@t is a temporal phase existing at temporal regions t. The relation has_state is functional and signifies that all such temporally qualified continuants are uniquely associated with their basic anchor continuant.
temporally qualified continuant
A temporally qualified continuant is a continuant that, by reference to a determinate temporal region, is such as to possess its properties only for so long as that period obtains, being otherwise in its essentiality unchanged.
has state
relates an anchor continuant to a temporally qualified continuant that represents a specific temporal phase of its existence.
is state of
relates a temporally qualified continuant to the unique anchor continuant that it is a temporal phase of
mold
mould
A device consisting of a hollowed-out cavity that shapes fluid or plastic material into a specific form through the process of solidification or cooling.
specified by value
A relation between an entity and a value specification which is about this entity.
1D is a data item representing a one-dimensional structure or model representing a single linear dimension, often used in material science simulations or analysis.
A two-dimensional data item is a representation or analysis, commonly applied in studying planar material properties or surface phenomena.
TODO: axiom needs refinement
ASTM grainsize
The ASTM grain size is a quality that is measured through a process that follows the ASTM standard.
aggregate state
an intensive quality representing the physical state of a material, such as solid, liquid, or gasous
generation of magnetic field
is a process that occurs as a reaction to change of elctric field or movement of charges and produces a magnetic field
mechanical process
is a process in which forces, moments, or imposed displacements to objects or object aggregates occur and/or the equivalent (stresses, strains) to materials or portions of matter
“Blank.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blank. Accessed 25 Nov. 2022.
Rohling-Rolle
blank role
Role of an object, which is realized in a preparation process
Some portion of material, which to be made into something by a further operation.
bulk
The bulk is a fiat object part that describes the volume or mass of material considered as a whole, often in contrast to surface or interface phenomena.
Messschieber
caliper
A measuring device having two usually adjustable arms, legs, or jaws used especially to measure the dimensions of objects, such as diameters or thicknesses
Messgerät mit zwei in der Regel verstellbaren Armen, Schenkeln oder Klemmbacken, das vor allem zur Messung der Abmessungen von Gegenständen, wie z. B. des Durchmessers oder der Dicke, verwendet wird
change of aggregate state
a phase transformation (change of phase) involving the collective state of particles in portion of matter
change of temperature
change of temperature is a process in which a particpant changes its temperature
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 5, 3.1.6 Stoffeigenschaften ändern - Definition
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 5, 3.1.6 Stoffeigenschaften ändern - Definition
Stoffeigenschaft Ändern
changing properties of material
Changing Of Material Properties
Property Alteration
A manufacturing process that modifies the characteristics of the material from which a workpiece is made, including by processes at the submicroscopic or atomic scale, such as atomic diffusion, dislocation formation and movement in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, whereby the resulting shape changes are not characteristic of these processes.
Ein Herstellungsprozess, der die Merkmale des Materials, aus dem ein Werkstück gefertigt ist, modifiziert, was unter anderem durch Vorgänge im submikroskopischen oder atomaren Bereich erfolgt, wie etwa durch Atomdiffusion, die Versetzungsentstehung und -bewegung im Atomgitter oder durch chemische Reaktionen, wobei die dabei auftretenden Formveränderungen nicht charakteristisch für diese Verfahren sind.
Heat Treatment
See the editor note of composition to understand the difference between composition and chemical composition. See the pattern example of composition to underatand the difference between composition and proportion.
chemical composition
The chemical composition is an intensive quality of a portion of matter which describes the types and proportions of pure chemical elements in the portion of matter, and it is a subject of some chemical composition data item.
Material has quality chemical composition. Chemical composition is a subject of chemical composition data item. Chemical composition data item has members fraction value specifications (which have a numeral and a unit). Material has part portion of carbon. Material has relational quality mass proportion. Portion of carbon has relational quality mass proportion. Mass propotion is specified by value fraction value specification. Same approach for all chemical elements.
Analyseverfahren für die chemische Zusammensetzung
chemical composition analyzing process
A structural property analyzing process that determines the chemical composition of a material by identifying and quantifying its constituent elements and compounds.
Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die chemische Zusammensetzung eines Materials bestimmt, indem es dessen Bestandteile und Verbindungen identifiziert und quantifiziert.
chemical potential
an intensive quality of a thermodynamic system describing the energy change associated with the addition of a small quantity of a substance to a system at constant temperature and pressure.
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8592
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8592
Reinigen
cleaning
A separating process that involves removing unwanted material from a surface through cleaning methods, which may include processes like blasting, washing, or chemical cleaning.
Ein Trennprozess, bei dem unerwünschtes Material von einer Oberfläche durch Reinigungsmethoden entfernt wird, die Verfahren wie Strahlen, Waschen oder chemische Reinigung umfassen können.
Chemical Cleaning, Mechanical Cleaning
Reinigungsgerät
cleaning device
A device used for removing contaminants from materials or surfaces.
Ein Gerät zum Entfernen von Verunreinigungen von Materialien oder Oberflächen.
The subclass trees of "Computing Process" are currently still proposals and serve as a working basis for the discussion round with the simulation/workflow domain experts.
Datenverarbeitung
Rechenprozess
computing process
A process that involves the systematic use of computational methods and tools to perform simulations, analyses, or data transformations to achieve specific scientific or engineering goals.
Ein Prozess, der die systematische Verwendung von rechnerischen Methoden und Werkzeugen umfasst, um Simulationen, Analysen oder Datenumwandlungen durchzuführen, um spezifische wissenschaftliche oder technische Ziele zu erreichen.
The finite set of periodic geometric arrangements is described e.g. by the 14 possible Bravais Lattices in three-dimensional space.
crystal structure
an intensive qualtty of a crystal that embodies the periodic geometric arrangement of entities in a crystal lattice.
Trennen Funktion
cut function
Schneidfunktion
A function performed to separate or divide materials using cutting devices.
Eine Funktion, die ausgeführt wird, um Materialien mit Schneidgeräten zu trennen oder zu teilen.
defect density
an intensive quality describing the number of defects per unit volume or area in a material, which can affect its mechanical and electronic properties
deformation
The deformation is a process describing a change in the shape, size, or structure of a material often under the influence of stress or force.
density
The density is a universal intensive quality representing the unit mass of a portion of matter per unit volume.
Gerät
device
A device is an object that is designed to perform a specific function or task involving measurement, manipulation, processing, or analysis.
Ein physisches oder virtuelles Objekt, das verwendet wird, um eine bestimmte Funktion oder Aufgabe auszuführen, häufig im Zusammenhang mit der Messung, Manipulation oder Analyse von Materialien.
dielectric constant
The dielectric constant is an electrical property representing a measure of a material's ability to store electrical energy in an electric field.
Dimensions Messprozess
dimension measuring process
A structural property analyzing process that determines the physical dimensions of a material or object, such as length, width, height, diameter, and thickness, with high accuracy and precision.
Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die physikalischen Dimensionen eines Materials oder Objekts, wie Länge, Breite, Höhe, Durchmesser und Dicke, mit hoher Genauigkeit und Präzision bestimmt.
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8588
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8588
Zerteilen
dividing
A separating process that involves separating material into distinct parts using techniques like shear cutting, splitting, tearing, or breaking, typically employed in processes where precise control over the cut is less critical.
Ein Trennprozess, bei dem das Material durch Techniken wie Scherschneiden, Spalten, Reißen oder Brechen in verschiedene Teile zerlegt wird. Es wird in der Regel bei Prozessen eingesetzt, bei denen eine genaue Kontrolle über den Schnitt weniger wichtig ist.
Shearing, Cracking
electric potential
an extensvie quality describing the amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference point to a specific location in an electric field.
electrical conductivity
The electrical conductivity is an electrical property describing the ability of a material to conduct electric current, influenced by its structure and composition.
electrical property
An electrical property is a material property that represents the characteristics of a material that determine its behavior under the influence of an electric field, such as conductivity, resistivity, and permittivity.
“Electron microscope.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/electron%20microscope. Accessed 24 Nov. 2022.
Elektronenmikroskop
electron microscope
A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create high-resolution images of a sample's surface or structure.
An electron-optical instrument in which a beam of electrons is used to produce an enlarged image of a minute object.
Ein Gerät, das einen Elektronenstrahl verwendet, um hochauflösende Bilder der Oberfläche oder Struktur einer Probe zu erstellen.
Elektronenmikroskopie
electron microscopy
A microscopy process that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of an object, allowing for high-resolution visualization of the material's surface and internal structures.
Ein Mikroskopieverfahren, das einen Elektronenstrahl verwendet, um ein Bild eines Objekts zu erzeugen, wodurch eine hochauflösende Visualisierung der Oberfläche und der inneren Strukturen des Materials ermöglicht wird.
An example of an electron microscopy process is Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which provides detailed images of the surface topography and composition of a material. Another example is Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which can visualize the internal structure of a sample at atomic resolution.
“Extensometer.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/extensometer. Accessed 5 Dec. 2022.
extensometer
A device for measuring minute deformations of test specimens caused by tension, compression, bending, or twisting.
Ermüdungsprüfverfahren
fatigue testing process
S-N testing process
fatigue testing series
Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Fähigkeit eines Materials bewertet, zyklischen Belastungen standzuhalten, und seine Ermüdungslebensdauer und -grenze bestimmt.
Fatigue testing process is a mechanical property analyzing process that assesses a material's ability to withstand cyclic loading, determining its fatigue life and endurance limit. It must have occurent parts single fatigue tests.
Fatigue testing of metal components in bridges to predict their lifespan under repetitive loading conditions.
ferrous metal
metal that has iron as primary constituent
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 4, 3.1.2 Umformen - Definition
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 4, 3.1.2 Umformen - Definition
Umformen
forming
Shaping
A manufacturing process that changes the shape of a solid body through plastic deformation while retaining both mass and structural integrity.
Ein Herstellungsprozess, der durch plastische Umformung die Gestalt eines festen Körpers verändert, wobei sowohl die Masse als auch die strukturelle Integrität erhalten bleiben.
Tension Forming, Compression Forming
Formmaschine
forming machine
A device used for shaping materials under various conditions, including tensile, compressive, and shearing.
Ein Gerät zur Formgebung von Materialien unter verschiedenen Bedingungen, einschließlich Zug-, Druck- und Scherbedingungen.
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8584-1
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8584-1
Zugdruckumformen
forming under compressive and tensile conditions
A forming process that involves applying both tensile and compressive forces to a material.
Ein Umform Prozess, bei dem sowohl Zug- als auch Druckkräfte auf ein Material ausgeübt werden.
Stripping, Deep Drawing, Spinning
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8583-1
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8583-1
Druckumformen
forming under compressive conditions
A forming process that involves deforming materials under compressive forces, commonly used in techniques like rolling and die forming where metal is shaped by applying pressure.
Ein Umform Prozess, bei dem Materialien unter Druck verformt werden. Er wird üblicherweise bei Techniken wie Walzen und Gesenkformen eingesetzt, bei denen Metall durch Druck in Form gebracht wird.
Rolling, Coining
Classified by the role in a system.
functional material
A functional material F is an engineered material which has the disposition to be used for an object O (O consists of F) and O's function is other/more than mechanical load carrying.
“Furnace.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/furnace. Accessed 13 Jan. 2023.
Ofen
furnace
A device that generates and contains high-intensity thermal energy within an insulated enclosure.
Ein Gerät, das hochintensive thermische Energie innerhalb eines isolierten Gehäuses erzeugt und speichert.
crystallite
kristallit
Korn
grain
A crystal grain is a crystal that is part of a polycrystal.
Schleifmaschine
grinding machine
A grinding machine is a forming machine that uses an abrasive wheel to remove material from the surface of a workpiece, typically for finishing or precision work.
Eine Schleifmaschine ist eine Formmaschine, die ein Schleifrad verwendet, um Material von der Oberfläche eines Werkstücks zu entfernen, typischerweise für Feinarbeiten oder Präzisionsarbeiten.
Verfestigen Durch Umformen
hardening by forming
A changing properties of material process, that involves altering material properties by mechanical deformation.
Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, der die Eigenschaften des Materials durch mechanische Verformung verändert.
Sheet Metal Rolling to Achieve Higher Strength.
hardness
The hardness is a mechanical property used as a measure of a material's resistance to localized plastic deformation, often tested by indentation or scratch methods.
Härteprüfverfahren
hardness testing process
A mechanical property analyzing process that measures a material's resistance to deformation, typically using indentation methods to determine hardness.
Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das den Widerstand eines Materials gegen Verformung misst und typischerweise Eindringverfahren verwendet, um die Härte zu bestimmen.
Hardness testing of steel using the Rockwell method to classify its grade for industrial applications.
Official definition can be found in: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018 Wärmebehandlung Page 21, 3.108 Wärmebehandlung - Definition
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018 Wärmebehandlung Seite 21, 3.108 Wärmebehandlung - Definition
Wärmebehandlung
heat treatment
Wärmebehandeln
A changing properties of material process in which a solid (ferrous) product is fully or partially exposed to specific time-temperature sequences through a series of process steps with the aim of modifying its properties and/or its internal structure.
Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, bei dem durch eine Reihe von Verfahrensschritten ein festes (Eisen-)Produkt ganz oder teilweise bestimmten Zeit-Temperatur-Abfolgen ausgesetzt wird, mit dem Ziel, seine Eigenschaften und/oder seine innere Struktur zu modifizieren.
Annealing, Ageing, Hardening
Wärmebehandlungsgerät
heat treatment device
A device used for treating materials through heating and cooling processes to alter their properties.
Ein Gerät zur Behandlung von Materialien durch Erwärmungs- und Abkühlungsprozesse zur Veränderung ihrer Eigenschaften.
Induktionsofen
induction furnace
An induction furnace is a furnace that heats materials using electromagnetic induction, generating heat directly within the material.
Ein Induktionsofen ist ein Ofen, der Materialien durch elektromagnetische Induktion erhitzt, wobei die Wärme direkt im Material erzeugt wird.
Laserschneider
lasercutter
A device that utilizes laser beams to create precise cuts in various materials such as wood, plastic, metal, etc.
Ein Gerät, das Laserstrahlen verwendet, um präzise Schnitte in verschiedenen Materialien wie Holz, Kunststoff, Metall usw. zu erzeugen.
Lichtmikroskopie
light microscopy
An optical microscopy process that uses visible light and lenses to magnify and visualize specimens, enabling the study of the microstructure and morphology of materials.
Ein optisches Mikroskopieverfahren, das sichtbares Licht und Linsen verwendet, um Proben zu vergrößern und zu visualisieren, wodurch die Untersuchung der Mikrostruktur und Morphologie von Materialien ermöglicht wird.
An example of a light microscopy process is Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, which uses laser light to scan specimens and create high-resolution, three-dimensional images. Another example is Fluorescence Microscopy, which uses fluorescent dyes to label specific components of the specimen, allowing for the visualization of structures that are otherwise difficult to see. A third example is Polarized Light Microscopy, which utilizes polarized light to enhance contrast in samples with birefringent properties, such as crystalline materials.
Kraftmessdose
load cell
A device that converts mechanical force into a measurable signal by sensing the physical deformation of a structural element.
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8589-0
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8589-0
Spanen Mit Geometrisch Bestimmten Schneiden
machining geometrically defined
A separating process that involves removing material with a tool that has a defined shape and sharp edges, such as in sawing and drilling operations.
Ein Trennprozess, bei dem Material mit einem Werkzeug mit definierter Form und scharfen Kanten entfernt wird, wie z. B. beim Sägen und Bohren.
Drilling, Turning
Spanen Mit Geometrisch Unbestimmten Schneiden
machining geometrically undefined
A separating process that involves removing material using tools with undefined cutting edges, such as grinding or abrasive machining, where the exact shape of the cutting part isn't clearly defined.
Ein Trennprozess, bei dem Material mit Werkzeugen mit undefinierten Schneiden abgetragen wird, wie z. B. beim Schleifen oder bei der abrasiven Bearbeitung, bei der die genaue Form des zu schneidenden Teils nicht klar definiert ist.
Grinding, Blasting
magnetic property
A magnetic property is a material property representing characteristics that describe how a material responds to magnetic fields, such as permeability and coercivity.
Magnetisierungsgerät
magnetizing device
A device used for inducing a magnetic field in materials to alter their magnetic properties.
Ein Gerät zur Induktion eines Magnetfelds in Materialien, um deren magnetische Eigenschaften zu verändern.
Magnetische Elektrische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren
magneto electrical property analyzing process
An assay that investigates the magnetic and electrical properties of materials, including conductivity, resistivity, permittivity, permeability, and magnetization.
Eine Analyse, die die magnetischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften von Materialien untersucht, einschließlich Leitfähigkeit, Widerstand, Permittivität, Permeabilität und Magnetisierung.
Manufacturing processes alternate qualities of materials, i.e., a value specification of some quality of a material entity, which is a specified input to the process, cannot be the same as a value specification of the same quality of another material entity, which is a specified output of the process. Unfortunately it is not possible to write down such axiom based on OWL. Semi-working solution are the temporally qualified continuants + SPARQL constrains.
Herstellungsprozess
manufacturing process
A planned process that is driven by the primary intent to transform objects A manufacturing process is always a transformative process.
Ein geplannter Prozess, der von der primären Absicht angetrieben wird, Objekte zu transformieren. Ein Herstellungsprozess ist immer ein Transformationsprozess.
map
A map is a 2D information content entity describing a representation of spatial data or relationships, often used in material science for visualizing properties or distributions.
The axiom that mechanical property has realization some application of mechanical load treats only conventional materials and not such effects as magnetostriction etc.
mechanical property
A mechanical property is a material property which is a characteristic of material M. Mechanical property has realization in a stimulating process (in most cases, application of mechanical load), and the stimulating process is an occurent part of another process, in which an object O that is an instance of M participates.
Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren
mechanical property analyzing process
An assay that evaluates the mechanical characteristics of materials, such as strength, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties, often through tests that measure response to forces and loads.
Eine Analyse, die die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Materialien bewertet, wie z.B. Festigkeit, Härte, Elastizität und Zugfestigkeit, oft durch Tests, die die Reaktion auf Kräfte und Lasten messen.
Classified by morphology.
metal
A metal is an engineered material representing a class of materials characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity, ductility, and metallic bonding.
typically observed through crystallographic analysis
crystallographic texture
an intensive quality describing the arrangement and orientation of grains in a polychrystal
Mikroskop
microscope
A device used to magnify and view small objects or details that are not visible to the naked eye.
Ein Gerät zur Vergrößerung und Betrachtung kleiner Objekte oder Details, die mit bloßem Auge nicht sichtbar sind.
Mikroskopie Verfahren
microscopy process
Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das verschiedene Arten von Mikroskopietechniken verwendet, um die Mikrostruktur und Morphologie von Materialien auf verschiedenen Ebenen zu visualisieren und zu analysieren.
Microscopy process that uses various types of microscopy techniques to visualize and analyze the microstructure and morphology of materials at different scales.
Electron microscopy, which provides detailed images at high resolution; ion microscopy, which offers high-precision imaging and material milling capabilities; and optical microscopy, which uses visible light to study e.g. the microstructure of materials.
Mikroskopie
The focus of interest when looking at an object through the microstructure perspective is often its morphology.
microstructure
A microstructure is a portion of matter that represents the small-scale structure of a material, including grains, phases, and defects, visible under a microscope.
Optisches Mikroskop
optical microscope
A microscope that uses visible light and lenses to magnify and view small objects or details.
Ein Mikroskop, das sichtbares Licht und Linsen verwendet, um kleine Objekte oder Details zu vergrößern und zu betrachten.
Optische Mikroskopie
optical microscopy
A microscopy process that uses visible light and lenses to magnify and image a specimen, widely used for examining the microstructure and morphology of materials.
Ein Mikroskopieverfahren, das sichtbares Licht und Linsen verwendet, um eine Probe zu vergrößern und abzubilden, und weit verbreitet zur Untersuchung der Mikrostruktur und Morphologie von Materialien ist.
An example is Light Microscopy.
pole figure
A pole figure is a map depicting a 2D stereographic projection which represents crystallographic orientations of grains in a polycrystalline material in respect to the sample's reference frame.
Poliermaschine
polishing machine
A polishing machine is a forming machine that smooths the surface of a material by rubbing it with a tool, abrasive, or chemical.
Eine Poliermaschine ist eine Formmaschine, die die Oberfläche eines Materials durch Reiben mit einem Werkzeug, Schleifmittel oder Chemikalien glättet.
connected material entity aggregate
An object aggregate that is a mereological sum of separate material entities, which adhere to one another through chemical bonds or physical junctions that go beyond gravity.
the atoms of a molecule, the molecules forming the membrane of a cell, the epidermis in a human body
disconnected material entity aggregate
An object aggregate that is a mereological sum of scattered (i.e. spatially separated) material entities, which do not adhere to one another through chemical bonds or physical junctions but, instead, relate to one another merely on grounds of metric proximity. The material entities are separated from one another through space or through other material entities that do not belong to the group.
a heap of stones, a colony of honeybees, a group of synapses, the trees of a forest, the canopy of a forest, the fish of a shoal, a group of commuters on the subway, the patients in a hospital
The pressure is commonly measured in Pascals.
pressure
an intensive quality describing the force exerted per unit area in or on a material.
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 4, 3.1.1 Urformen - Definition
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 4, 3.1.1 Urformen - Definition
Urformen
primary shaping
Primary Forming
A manufacturing process that creates a defined workpiece from shapeless material by producing cohesion, whereby the characteristic properties of the material become visible in the end product.
Ein Herstellungsprozess, der aus formlosem Stoff durch das Herstellen von Kohäsion ein definiertes Werkstück schafft, wobei die charakteristischen Eigenschaften des Materials im Endprodukt sichtbar werden.
Casting, Sintering
Urformen Aus Dem Flüssigen Zustand
primary shaping from the liquid state
A primary shaping process that involves forming materials from a liquid state.
Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien aus einem flüssigen Zustand beinhaltet.
Casting of molten metal into molds.
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8590
Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8590
Abtragen
removing
A separating process that involves removing material through thermal, chemical and electrochemical methods.
Ein Trennprozess, bei dem Material durch thermische, chemische und elektrochemische Methoden abgetragen wird.
Electrical Discharge Machining, Thermal Ablation
Rasterelektronenmikroskop
scanning electron microscope
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a measuring device that produces high-resolution images of a sample surface by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons.
Ein Rasterelektronenmikroskop (REM) ist ein Messgerät, das hochauflösende Bilder einer Probenoberfläche erzeugt, indem es sie mit einem fokussierten Elektronenstrahl abtastet.
Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 4, 3.1.3 Trennen - Definition
Trennen
separating
A manufacturing process in which the bond between objects is broken, resulting in a partial or complete reduction in cohesion.
Ein Herstellungsprozess, bei dem die Bindung zwischen Objekten aufgehoben wird, was zu einer teilweisen oder vollständigen Verringerung der Kohäsion führt.
Disassembling, Removal
Cutting
Simulationsprozess
simulation process
A computing process that models the behavior of a system over time using mathematical or computational techniques.
Ein Datenverarbeitungsprozess, der das Verhalten eines Systems im Laufe der Zeit mit mathematischen oder rechnerischen Techniken modelliert
specific surface area
an intensive quality embodying the total surface area of a material per unit of mass or volume.
Spektroskopie Verfahren
spectroscopy process
A structural property analyzing process that measures the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter to determine e.g. the composition, structure, and other properties of materials.
Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Wechselwirkung von elektromagnetischer Strahlung mit Materie misst, um die Zusammensetzung, Struktur und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Materialien zu bestimmen.
spectrum
A spectrum is a 1-D information content entity that describes the range of wavelengths or frequencies of a physical property, often used in reference to light, sound, or electromagnetic radiation.
stimulating process
The stimulating process is a process describing the application of an external influence, such as force, heat, or radiation, to study material response.
strength
The strength is a material property describing the maximum stress a material can withstand before failure.
Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren
structural property analyzing process
An assay that examines the external and internal structure and morphology of materials, including the arrangement of atoms, crystals, grains, and phases, often using techniques like microscopy and diffraction.
Eine Analyse, die die äußere und innere Struktur und Morphologie von Materialien untersucht, einschließlich der Anordnung von Atomen, Kristallen, Körnern und Phasen, oft unter Verwendung von Techniken wie Mikroskopie und Beugung.
surface layer (fiat object part)
A surface layer (fiat object part) is a fiat object part that is part of only object. The surface layer is the three dimensional region defining the outermost layer of an object, where surface-interactions with other material entities occur. What is considered as the surface is thus defined by the interaction process.
When considering optical properties of a surface layer (fiat object part) of a polished piece of metal we likely consider a different three dimensional spatial region than when considering the scratch hardness properties of the same polished piece of metal.
The concept refers to an absolute temperature, not to be mistaken with temperature difference.
To express that an object has a temperature, the property 'intensive bearer of' can be used. It implies a chain of: object consists of some portion of matter and portion of matter bearer of some temperature.
temperature
The temperature is a fundamental intensive quality representing the average atomic or molcular movement or vibration of a portion of matter.
Temperaturänderungsfunktion
temperature change function
A function in heat treatment performed to induce changes in temperature to alter material properties.
Eine Unterfunktion der Wärmebehandlung, die durchgeführt wird, um Temperaturänderungen hervorzurufen, um die Materialeigenschaften zu verändern.
Zugprüfmaschine
tensile testing machine
A device used to test the tensile strength and elongation of materials by applying a stretching force.
Ein Gerät zur Prüfung der Zugfestigkeit und Dehnung von Materialien durch Anwendung einer Dehnkraft.
Zugprüfverfahren
tensile testing process
A mechanical property analyzing process that determines a material's response to tensile forces, measuring its tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus.
Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Reaktion eines Materials auf Zugkräfte bestimmt und seine Zugfestigkeit, Dehnung und seinen Elastizitätsmodul misst.
Tensile testing of polymer films to ensure they can stretch without breaking in packaging applications
ANMERKUNG: Ein Test Piece ist ein Teilstück (potenziell alles) eines Specimens, welches die Bedingungen erfüllt, die durch ein anzuwendendes Prüfverfahren gestellt werden. Ein Specimen erfüllt diese Anforderungen im Allgemeinen erst nach weiterer Bearbeitung. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert.
In certain cases, the test piece can be the sample or the specimen itself.
Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) oder der Prüfling (Specimen) unmittelbar als Probe dienen.
NOTE: A Test Piece is a piece that is taken from a specimen (potentially the whole specimen), which fulfills the requirements, that are set by the test procedure in which the test piece is about to be used. A specimen fulfills this requierements generally speaking only after further treatment/processing. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized.
EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4)
Proben-Rolle
test piece role
Role of object which is a part taken from a specimen or sample; the part has specified dimensions, is machined or un-machined, brought to a required condition for submission to a given test
Rolle eines Objekts, welches eine Probe ist, die aus einem Prüfling (Specimen) oder Probenabschnitt (Sample) entnommen wurde; die Probe hat festgelegte Dimensionen, kann maschinell bearbeitet sein, wurde in einen für die Verwendung in einem Prüfverfahren notwendigen Zustand gebracht
thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity is a thermal property describing the ability of a material to conduct heat.
thermal property
A thermal property is a material property representing attributes of a material that describe its behavior under temperature changes, such as thermal conductivity and expansion.
time series
A time series is a 1-D information content entity defined by a sequence of data points collected or recorded at successive time intervals, used for analyzing temporal properties or trends.
Ultraschallreiniger
ultrasonic cleaner
A device that uses ultrasound and a cleaning solvent to clean delicate or complex items.
An Ultrasonic Cleaner is a Cleaning Device that uses high-frequency sound waves and a cleaning solvent to remove contaminants from delicate or complex items.
Ein Gerät, das Ultraschall und ein Reinigungsmittel verwendet, um empfindliche oder komplexe Gegenstände zu reinigen.
Ein Ultraschallreiniger ist ein Reinigungsgerät, das Hochfrequenzschallwellen und ein Reinigungsmittel verwendet, um Verunreinigungen von empfindlichen oder komplexen Gegenständen zu entfernen.
Wasserstrahlschneider
waterjet cutter
A device that utilizes a high-pressure stream of water or a water stream with abrasive particles to cut materials such as metal, stone, plastic, etc.
Ein Gerät, das einen Hochdruckwasserstrahl oder einen Wasserstrahl mit abrasiven Partikeln verwendet, um Materialien wie Metall, Stein, Kunststoff usw. zu schneiden.
Röntgen Analyseverfahren
x-ray analyzing process
A structural property analyzing process that uses X-rays to investigate the internal structure, composition, and properties of materials by measuring the interaction of X-rays with the sample.
Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das Röntgenstrahlen verwendet, um die innere Struktur, Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften von Materialien zu untersuchen, indem die Wechselwirkung der Röntgenstrahlen mit der Probe gemessen wird.
Beugungsprozess
x-ray diffraction process
An X-ray analyzing process, that involves the interaction of X-rays with the crystalline structure of a material.
Ein Röntgenanalyseverfahren, das die Wechselwirkung von Röntgenstrahlen mit der kristallinen Struktur eines Materials umfasst.
XRD is used to e.g. determine the crystal structure of newly synthesized compounds to determine the crystal lattice arrangement.
XRD
Röntgen-Mapping
x-ray mapping
An X-ray analyzing process, that generates a spatial distribution map of the elements within a specimen by scanning the sample with an electron or X-ray beam and detecting the emitted X-rays, providing detailed compositional information across the sample's surface.
Ein Röntgenanalyseverfahren, das eine räumliche Verteilungskarte der Elemente innerhalb einer Probe erstellt, indem die Probe mit einem Elektronen- oder Röntgenstrahl abgetastet und die emittierten Röntgenstrahlen detektiert werden, wodurch detaillierte Zusammensetzungsinformationen über die Oberfläche der Probe geliefert werden.
An example of an X-ray Mapping process is X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence, or X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.
Röntgen-Mikroanalyse
x-ray microanalysis
An X-ray analyzing process that determines the elemental composition and chemical properties of a specimen by detecting and analyzing the characteristic X-rays emitted from the sample when it is irradiated with a focused electron beam.
Ein Röntgenanalyseverfahren, das die elementare Zusammensetzung und chemischen Eigenschaften einer Probe bestimmt, indem die charakteristischen Röntgenstrahlen detektiert und analysiert werden, die von der Probe emittiert werden, wenn sie mit einem fokussierten Elektronenstrahl bestrahlt wird.
An example for X-ray Microanalysis process is Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy.
Röntgenspektroskopie
x-ray spectroscopy
A spectroscopy process, that analyzes the interaction of X-rays with matter to determine the material's composition and structure.
Ein Spektroskopie Verfahren, das die Wechselwirkung von Röntgenstrahlen mit Materie analysiert, um die Zusammensetzung und Struktur des Materials zu bestimmen.
Examples are e.g. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray emission spectroscopy, and X-ray reflection spectroscopy.
Röntgenbeugungsgerät
x-ray diffractometer
An X-Ray diffractometer is a measuring device that determines the crystal structure of materials by analyzing the diffraction patterns of X-rays passed through a sample.
Ein Röntgenbeugungsgerät ist ein Messgerät, das die Kristallstruktur von Materialien durch Analyse der Beugungsmuster von durch eine Probe geleiteten Röntgenstrahlen bestimmt.
complies with
entspricht
complies with is a relation between an independent continuant and an information content entity (e.g., specification or objective) that it conforms to.
in response to
inverse of responds with
responds with
The realizable entity must be "stimulated" by some Stimulus in order to respond with the Response. The bearer of the realizable entity must participate in Stimulation as well as in Response.
A term tracker annotation is an editor note used to track the history of an entity. For each change, it records the related GitHub issue and pull request.
hijacked from http://openenergy-platform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00020426
term tracker annotation
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only rhodium atoms.
portion of rhodium
A 'portion of rhodium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:rhodium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only tellurium atoms.
portion of tellurium
A 'portion of tellurium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:tellurium atom.
phase (thermodynamic)
A thermodynamic phase is a material entity that forms a homogeneous portion of matter within a thermodynamic system and is characterized by uniform thermodynamic properties.
crystal
A crystal is an object that has a quality "crystal structure".
See editior note of composition to underatand the difference between composition and chemical composition data items. To understand the difference between the composition and the composition data item, one has to understand the difference between SDCs and GDCs in BFO. A triple "material entity has quality compsition", conveys the fact such quality exists without telling us what are fractions of compounds in this material entity. A triple "compostion is subject of composition data item" conveys that there's an information about values of these fractions. Think of comosition data item as a pdf where the composition is documented.
These portions of other matters do not have to be portions of specific chemical elements, i.e., atomic composition, but rather portions of other substances, such as nitric acid and water.
composition data item
composition specification
Composition data item is an information content entity that is about composition of a material enity. It has members fraction value specifications which specifiy values of propotions of compounds, which are parts of the material enity.
Nitric acid solution has quality composition, and the composition data item is about this composition.The composition data item has members fraction specifications of nitric acid, e.g., 4 vol.%, and distilled water. These fraction specifications specify value of pure substances of nitric acid and distilled water, respectively. Furthermore, these fraction specifications specify values of relational qualities (volume) proportion of nitric acid and (volume) proportion of distilled water.
porosity
itensive quality embodiying the fraction of the materials (enclosing) spatial region occupied by pores.
bravais lattice triclinic primitive
bravais lattice monoclinic primitive
bravais lattice monoclinic base-centered
bravais lattice orthorombic primitive
bravais lattice orthorhombic base-centered
bravais lattice orthorhombic body-centered
bravais lattice orthorhombic face-centered
bravais lattice tetragonal primitive
bravais lattice tetragonal body-centered
bravais lattice hexagonal rhombohedral primitive
bravais lattice hexagonal hexagonal primitive
bravais lattice cubic primitive
bravais lattice cubic body-centered
bravais lattice cubic face-centered
metallic grain structures
The metallic grain structures is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the metallic grain structure quality. It describes the morphology of polycrystalline metallic materials. Polycrystalline metallic materials will typically form their grain structures as one of those categories or a transition or mixture state of those.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only Iron atoms.
portion of iron
A 'portion of iron' is a 'Poriton Of Pure Substance' that 'consists of' only chebi:iron atom.
bainite
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only indium atoms.
portion of indium
A 'portion of indium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:indium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only chromium atoms.
portion of chromium
A 'portion of chromium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:chromium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only carbon atoms.
portion of carbon
A 'portion of carbon' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:carbon atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only germanium atoms.
portion of germanium
A 'portion of germanium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:germanium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only tungsten atoms.
portion of tungsten
A 'portion of tungsten' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:tungsten.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only erbium atoms.
portion of erbium
A 'portion of erbium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:erbium.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only molybdenum atoms.
portion of molybdenum
A 'portion of molybdenum' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:molybdenum atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only niobium atoms.
portion of niobium
A 'portion of niobium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:niobium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only rhenium atoms.
portion of rhenium
A 'portion of rhenium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:rhenium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only lithium atoms.
portion of lithium
A 'portion of lithium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:lithium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only nitrogen atoms.
portion of nitrogen
A 'portion of nitrogen' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:nitrogen atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only cobalt atoms.
portion of cobalt
A 'portion of cobalt' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:cobalt atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only gold atoms.
portion of gold
A 'portion of gold' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:gold atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only argon atoms.
portion of argon
A 'portion of argon' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:argon atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only cadmium atoms.
portion of cadmium
A 'portion of cadmium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:cadmium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only barium atoms.
portion of barium
A 'portion of barium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:barium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only tantalum atoms.
portion of tantalum
A 'portion of tantalum' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:tantalum atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only antimony atoms.
portion of antimony
A 'portion of antimony' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:antimony atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only potassium atoms.
portion of potassium
A 'portion of potassium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:potassium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only phosphorus atoms.
portion of phosphorus
A 'portion of phosphorus' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:phosphorus atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only boron atoms.
portion of boron
A 'portion of boron' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:boron atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only helium atoms.
portion of helium
A 'portion of helium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:helium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only nickel atoms.
portion of nickel
A 'portion of nickel' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:nickel atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only yttrium atoms.
portion of yttrium
A 'portion of yttrium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:yttrium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only zirconium atoms.
portion of zirconium
A 'portion of zirconium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:zirconium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only copper atoms.
portion of copper
A 'portion of copper' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:copper atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only bohrium atoms.
portion of bohrium
A 'portion of bohrium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:bohrium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only fluorine atoms.
portion of fluorine
A 'portion of fluorine' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:fluorine atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only platinum atoms.
portion of platinum
A 'portion of platinum' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:platinum.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only cerium atoms.
portion of cerium
A 'portion of cerium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:cerium.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only sulfur atoms.
portion of sulfur
A 'portion of sulfur' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:sulfur atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only lead atoms.
portion of lead
A 'portion of lead' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:lead atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only krypton atoms.
portion of krypton
A 'portion of krypton' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:krypton atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only bismuth atoms.
portion of bismuth
A 'portion of bismuth' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:bismuth atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only neon atoms.
portion of neon
A 'portion of neon' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:neon atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only thallium atoms.
portion of thallium
A 'portion of thallium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:thallium.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only selenium atoms.
portion of selenium
A 'portion of selenium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:selenium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only ruthenium atoms.
portion of ruthenium
A 'portion of ruthenium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:ruthenium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only magnesium atoms.
portion of magnesium
A 'portion of magnesium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:magnesium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only zinc atoms.
portion of zinc
A 'portion of zinc' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:zinc atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only mercury atoms.
portion of mercury
A 'portion of mercury' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:mercury atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only xenon atoms.
portion of xenon
A 'portion of xenon' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:xenon atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only aluminium atoms.
portion of aluminium
A 'portion of aluminium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:aluminium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only sodium atoms.
portion of sodium
A 'portion of sodium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:sodium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only iodine atoms.
portion of iodine
A 'portion of iodine' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:iodine atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only caesium atoms.
portion of caesium
A 'portion of caesium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:caesium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only chlorine atoms.
portion of chlorine
A 'portion of chlorine' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:chlorine atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only silver atoms.
portion of silver
A 'portion of silver' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:silver atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only samarium atoms.
portion of samarium
A 'portion of samarium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:samarium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only manganese atoms.
portion of manganese
A 'portion of manganese' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:manganese atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only arsenic atoms.
portion of arsenic
A 'portion of arsenic' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:arsenic atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only beryllium atoms.
portion of beryllium
A 'portion of beryllium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:beryllium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only calcium atoms.
portion of calcium
A 'portion of calcium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:calcium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only neodymium atoms.
portion of neodymium
A 'portion of neodymium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:neodymium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only hydrogen atoms.
portion of hydrogen
A 'portion of hydrogen' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:hydrogen atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only osmium atoms.
portion of osmium
A 'portion of osmium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:osmium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only iridium atoms.
portion of iridium
A 'portion of iridium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:iridium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only gallium atoms.
portion of gallium
A 'portion of gallium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:gallium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only bromine atoms.
portion of bromine
A 'portion of bromine' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:bromine atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only tin atoms.
portion of tin
A 'portion of tin' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:tin atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only hafnium atoms.
portion of hafnium
A 'portion of hafnium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:hafnium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only uranium atoms.
portion of uranium
A 'portion of uranium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:uranium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only oxygen atoms.
portion of oxygen
A 'portion of oxygen' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:oxygen atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only palladium atoms.
portion of palladium
A 'portion of palladium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:palladium.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only vanadium atoms.
portion of vanadium
A 'portion of vanadium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:vanadium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only scandium atoms.
portion of scandium
A 'portion of scandium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:scandium atom.
A Portion Of Matter that consists of only titanium atoms.
portion of titanium
A 'portion of titanium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:titanium atom.
steel
ferrous metal that consists of iron and carbon and possibly other alloying elements (and possibly impurities)
austenite
TODO: possibly extend for 2D (Graphene etc) More elaborate crystal descriptions may be found in http://emmo.info/domain-crystallography/crystallography or https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/disos/cso
bravais lattice (3D)
The bravais lattice is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the crystal structure quality. It describes the possible geometric arrangement of lattice points in a crystal. The present descriptor is limited to the 14 possible three-dimensional arrangements.
ferrite
proportion
concentration
fraction
A proportion is a relational quality between two entities (the whole and the part) which quantifies the relation between the whole and its part.
mass proportion
Mass proportion is a proportion which quantifies the mass of the part relative to the mass of the whole.
molar proportion
Molar Ratio
Molar proportion is the proportion which quantifies the entities count of the part in relation to the entities count of the whole.
The molar ratio of hydrogen gas H2 molecules to water H2O molecules is 1/1 in the oxyhydrogen reaction. The molar ratio of oxygen molecules O2 to water molecules is 2/1. The molar ratio of carbon dioxide to average atmosphere air is 420 ppm as of 2022 AD.
volume proportion
Volume proportion is a proportion which quantifies the volume of the part relative to the volume of the whole.
polycrystal
Polycrystalline structure
A polycrystal is a connected material entity aggregate that consists of multiple crystal grains joined through crystallographic interfaces.
ledeburite
pearlite
widmanstatten structure
martensite
grain size distribution
An intensive quality describing the lower length scale object aggregate (grains) that is part of the material.
fluid (object)
Fluid (object) is an object that consists of some portion of matter which bears an aggregate state that concretizes a liquid or gaseous aggregate state.
aggregate state value
The aggregate state value is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the aggregate state quality.
aggregate state solid
A state where the bonds between entities transmit shear forces.
aggregate state liquid
A state where the bonds of the entities transmit no shear force.
aggregate state gaseous
A state where the entities have no bonding.
aggregate state plasma
An aggregate state where the entities are atom nuclei and have no bonds.
aggregate state atom gas
A gaseous state where the gas entities are atoms.
aggregate state supercritical fluid
A state with strong bindings between entities that do not transmit shear force.
aggregate state mesomorphic
A state where some bonds transmit shear stresses and some do not.
aggregate state suprafluid
A state with frictionless binding that transmits no shear force between entities.
aggregate state suprasolid
A state that exhibits suprafluid and solid properties.
Despite has characteristic from RO does not have any domain constraints, it is still not possible to directly connect an instance of a process with an instance of a SDC. First, SDC is dependent on a IC. As RO does not have "bearer of" object property, the "has characteristic" implies that the domain should be an IC. Second, characteristic of is a functional property. Thus, two triples SDC_1 characteristc of IC_1 and SDC_2 characteristc of Process_1 (where IC_1 participates in Process_1), cannot exist simultaneously. An example of such case can be "Temperature of during the annealing process was 1000°C". Temperature is an SDC of some participant of the annealing, however it is not clear whether it is an SDC of an oven or of a sample in the oven. If we assert triple Annealing--> has characteristic --> Temperature 1000°C, then the correct triple connecting temperature SDC with either oven or specimen cannot exist.
refers to
a relation between a process attribute and an SDC of some participant in a process
a relation to between a process attribute an a SDC of some participant in a process.
thermodynamic system
A thermodynamic system is an object aggregate whose objects are bearer of thermodynamic properties. A thermodynamic system environs a thermodynamic process by which the thermodynamic properties of the objects of the thermodynamic system change over time.
intensive quality
Point property
An intensive quality is a quality that inheres in only portion of matter and thus is independent of the bearers (system-) size.
size
an extensive quality of a material entity that describes its spatial extend.
Mass is relevant in such processes as gravitation, acceleration, etc.
mass
Mass is fundamental extensive quality.
The number of phases involved can vary as well as the mechanisms involved can be different.
phase transformation
A thermodynamic phase transformation is a process in/of a thermodynamic system, that involves the transformation of phases of the system to other phases.
See metastable phase
stable phase
A stable phase is a phase that does not have a "pmd:disposition of a phase to transform" in the "pmd:phase transformation" it participates.
A phase that participates in a phase transformation pt and pt that is not a metastable phase.
lot
A lot is an object aggregate whose parts are output of the same production process.
Schmelze
melt
is a fluid (object) with a disposition to realize a blank role in a manufacturing process
molten PLA in a 3D printing process
portion of pure chemical element
A portion of pure chemical element is a pure substance composed of multiple atoms, which are all of the same kind.
energy
an extensive quality of material entities which manifests as a capacity to perform work (such as causing motion or the interaction of molecules)
process chain
A process chain is a process that 'has continuant part' subprocesses S1...Sn where S1...Sn precede each other and where some object or object aggregate that are output of Sn are then input to Sn+1.
extensive quality
An extensive quality is a quality that inheres in only object or object aggregate or fiat object part or chemical entity and is dependent on the bearers (system-) size.
The stability of a phase can only be evaluated in the context of a (possibly unknown) phase transformation process.
metastable phase
A metastable phase phase_trans is a phase that has a "pmd:disposition of a phase to transform" disp_trans and disp_trans is realized in a "pmd:phase transformation" proc_trans and proc_trans has participant sys_trans and sys_trans has part phase_trans.
volume
Volume is a three dimensional size.
old defintion: Activity (a_X) is a relational property between a chemical species X and a non-ideal solution. a_X is a measure of the effective concentration of a chemical species X in the non-ideal solution, accounting for interactions between particles. It is defined as the product of the concentration and an activity coefficient, where the activity coefficient corrects for non-ideal behavior.
activity (thermodynamic)
Thermodynamic activity is a relational quality that inheres between a chemical species and a non-ideal solution and represents the effective concentration of the species accounting for particle interactions.
heat (metallurgy)
A heat is a fixed amount of metallic alloy that may be input to some manufacturing process.
The ingot may be hot rolled after casting...
Bramme
ingot
An ingot is an object that has a thick section and may bear a semi finished product role and that is the specified output of a casting process. At the same time it is a material.
sheet
A plate is a thin rectangular object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it is a material.
billet
A billet is a relatively compact object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it is a material.
foil
A plate is a very thin rectangular object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material.
Coils may have several sheets that are joined together.
coil (coiled sheet)
A coil is an object that has part some sheets or foils. At the same time it may be a material.
plate
A plate is a thick rectangular object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material.
bar
A bar is a long object with rectangular section that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material.
rod
A rod is a long object with oval or round section that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material.
This class does not include cables or other compound structures.
wire (semi finished product)
A wire is a long and somewhat flexible object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it is a material.
tube
A tube is a long object with a hollow section and moderate wall thickness that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material.
pipe
A tube is a long object with a hollow section and pronounced wall thickness that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material.
profile (semi finished product)
A profile is a long object with determined section shape that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material.
lattice point
A lattice point is a fiat point that represents a position in a crystal lattice at which structural entities are regularly arranged.
Old definition: Force is a reciprocal relation realized between two objects where the other object exerts the same force with opposite sign onto the first. Force may be responsible for changes in velocity and/or deformation of objects.
force
A force is a realizable entity that consists of a reciprocal interaction between two objects and is realized as equal and opposite influences capable of changing motion or causing deformation.
defect role
A defect role is a role of an independent continuant C indicating that C may affect a material entity E's ability to realize a function. C is continuant part of E.
A crack in an structural member may affect its ability to carry a load.
amount of substance
Amount of substance n is a molar proportion when the whole is an object aggregate N, which has avogadro number objects (of same type) as parts (n = N/N_A).
elemental crystal
a crystal that consists of exactly one atomic species
order scale value
possible values of characteristic length over which structural correlations persist in a material
short range order
periodic arrangement of structural features up to a few entities
medium range order
periodic arrangement of structural features of many entities
long range order
periodic arrangement of structural features of virtually all entities
order scale
characteristic length over which structural correlations persist in a material
no range order
no periodic arrangement of structural features of entites
size values of indiviudal grains are properties of the respective objects
grain size
an intensive quality epitomizing the average size of the grains of a polycrystal
There's a dfference between composition and chemical compositon for the following reason: chemical compositon is relevant when the mass/volume/mole proportions of chemical elements(!) are identified, whlist composition includes proportions of molecules, other pure chemical substances, or even proptions of objects (in an object aggregate).
composition
Composition is an intensive quality which defines types and proportions of compounds present in a material entity and is subject of some composition data item.
4 vol.% nitric acid solution, Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) Block Copolymer with 50 vol.% of both styrene and butadiene
Composition is a collective property of a portion of matter, i.e., the triple portion of matter has quality composition holds. As "has quality" is an inverse functional property, only one instance of portion of matter can have this specific composition. However, proportions describe the relation between the prortion of matter (the whole) and some compound (the part). Thus, the following triples hold: portion of matter has relational quality proportion; portion of matter has part some substance (or whatever is your part); substance has relational quality proportion. "Has relational quality" is not inverse functional, i.e., it can point to a single object from 2 distinct subjects.
chemical composition data item
chemical composition specification
Chemical composition data item is an information content entity that is about composition of a portion of matter. It has members fraction value specifications which specifiy values of propotions of portions of (pure) chemical elements, which are parts of the portion of matter.
Steel has quality chemical composition , and the chemical composition data item is about the chemical composition .The chemical composition data item has members fraction specifications of iron and carbon. These fraction specifications specify value of portion of iron and portion of carbon respectively. Furthermore, these fraction specifications specify values of relational qualities (mass) proportion of iron and (mass) proportion of carbon.
ferrite, austenite, martensite, etc.
metallic grain structure
intensive quality epitomizing the distinct phases in the microscopic structure of a metallic material.
A three-dimensional data item is a representation or analysis, commonly applied in studying material properties in its volume or describing a dependency of one variable on two other variables.
Orientation distribution function (ODF), potential energy landscape
process attribute of
A relation between a process attribute and a process, which "bears" the attribute.
Tensile rate is a process attribute of tensile test
frequency
Frequency is a process attribute which characterizes the rate per second of oscillation or vibration.
Frequency of electromagnetic wave, Frequency of sound wave.
Transmissionselektronenmikroskop
transmission electron microscope
An electron microscope that produces high-resolution images of a sample's internal structure by transmitting electrons through the sample.
Ein Elektronenmikroskop, das hochauflösende Bilder der inneren Struktur einer Probe erzeugt, indem es Elektronen durch die Probe strahlt.
material reacting process has always energy minimization as a driving force.
material reacting process
Material reacting process is a process which occurs in a portion of matter due to some of its disposition or behavioral material property which has realization in some stimulating process. Both the material reacting process and stimulating process must be occurent parts of a planned process, if the planned process takes place.
heating
Heating is a change of temperature which corresponds to the increase of temperature in the system or object.
cooling
Cooling is a change of temperature which corresponds to the decrease of temperature in the system or object.
analytical calculation
Analytical calculation is a computing process which has value specification or measurement datum as a specified output. It applies a closed-form mathematical expression or formula to a set it specified inputs (value specifications) without requiring stochastic sampling, iterative numerical solving, or data-driven training.
'portion of pure chemical element' and 'has part' only CHEBI:33336
portion of lanthanum
A portion of lanthanum is a portion of pure substance that has parts only chebi:lanthanum atom.
Innendurchmesser
inner diameter
Der Innendurchmesser ist die Länge einer geraden Linie von einer Innenfläche eines Objekts oder Raums zur anderen Seite seiner Innenfläche durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts oder Raums, wenn es eine Innen- und Außenfläche hat.
Inner diameter is a length of a straight line from one inner surface of an object or space to the other side of its inner surface through the center of an object or space when it has the inside and outside surface.
Außendurchmesser
outer diameter
Der Außendurchmesser ist die Länge einer geraden Linie von einer Außenfläche eines Objekts oder Raums zur anderen Seite seiner Außenfläche durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts oder Raums, wenn es eine Innen- und Außenfläche hat.
Outer diameter is a length of a straight line from one outer surface of an object or space to the other side of its outer surface through the center of an object or space when it has the inside and outside surface.
geometric relational quality
Geometric relational quality is a relational quality describing the geometric relation between two or more independent continuants.
Elongation of a specimen after a tensile step, i.e., the specimen before and after the test. Angle between a rolling direction of a rolled material and the longitudinal side of a specimen.
single fatigue testing process
Mechanical property analyzing process that is an occurent part of a fatigue testing process (S-N testing process). A single fatigue testing process assesses how many cycles a material can withstand under the given loading.
Stanzmachine
stamping press
Eine Stanzmachine ist ein Werkzeug/Gerät zur Metallbearbeitung, das dazu dient, geschnittenes Metall durch Verformung mit einer Matrize zu formen.
Stamping press is a metalworking device which is used to shape a cut metal by deforming it with a die.
fraction value specification
Fraction value specification is a value specification that contains information about quantitative share of a part relative to a specified whole.
2.05 wt.% of carbon in steel, 4 vol.% of nitric acid in a solution
has relational quality
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a relational quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
material has relational quality mass proportion m, and portion of iron has the same relational quality mass proportion m
The 'relational quality of' is more strict that 'quality of' from RO, since domain is 'relational quality'. The motivtion to introduce an object property for relational qualities is the following: RO's 'quality of' is functional i.e., a->b, a->c => b=c. The functionality is relevant for most of the SDC -> IC triples, expect for relational qualities, which per definiton can be simultaneously inherited in >=2 ICs. Thus, 'relational quality of' has the same intention to connect SDC to IC, however, without cardinality constraints.
relational quality of
a relation between a relational quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
mass proportion m is relational qualitiy of material, and the same mass proportion m is relational qualitiy of portion of iron
Length is a size that describes the spatial extent of its bearer in one dimension.
length
dimension
Length is a one dimensional size.
bond
A bond is a relational quality describing the force interaction between atoms.
metallic bond
A metallic bond is a bond that forms between metal atoms, where electrons are shared in a "sea" of electrons that move freely around the metal ions. This type of bonding gives metals their characteristic properties such as conductivity and malleability.
“Diameter.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diameter. Accessed 5 Dec. 2022.
Durchmesser
diameter
Die Länge einer geraden Linie durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts oder Raums.
The length of a straight line through the center of an object or space.
abbreviation
A textual annotation used to specify a commonly accepted abbreviation, acronym, or shortened form of a class label. This property is intended to support concise referencing of ontology classes, especially when standard abbreviations are widely used in practice.
"DNA" for "Deoxyribonucleic Acid"
Dicke
thickness
A length that describes the measured dimension in one direction of a test piece.
Diese Klasse beschreibt das gemessene Maß in einer Richtung eines Prüfkörpers.
Breite
width
Diese Klasse beschreibt eine horizontale Messung eines Objekts, die im rechten Winkel zur Länge des Objekts vorgenommen wird.
This class describes a horizontal measurement of an object taken at right angles to the length of the object.
“Shape.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shape. Accessed 13 Jan. 2023.
Form
shape
Das sichtbare Ausstattungsmerkmal (räumliche Form oder Kontur) eines bestimmten Objektes oder einer Art von Objekt.
Extemsive quality, the visible makeup characteristic (spatial form or contour) of a particular item or kind of item.
Geometrische Form
geometry shape
Dieses Konzept beschreibt die geometrischen Abmessungen und das Erscheinungsbild (Form und Abmaße) einer Probe, eines Prüfkörpers oder eines Prüfstücks, wie sie üblicherweise durch eine entsprechende Norm definiert sind. Dementsprechend ist der angegebene Formwert in Übereinstimmung mit der definierenden Norm anzugeben, z. B. "Zugprüfstück Form 1 gemäß Anhang B der Zugversuchsnorm".
This concept describes the geometric dimensions and appearance (shape and dimensions) of a sample, specimen, or test piece as usually defined by a corresponding standard. Accordingly, the shape value given is in accordance with the defining standard, e.g., ‘tensile test piece shape 1 in accordance with annex B of the tensile test standard’.
3D Geometrie
shape 3d
A shape 3D is a geometry shape that exists in three dimensions, having length, width, and height, and can be defined by its spatial properties such as volume and surface area.
Eine 3D Geometrie ist eine geometrische Form, die in drei Dimensionen existiert, mit Länge, Breite und Höhe, und die durch ihre räumlichen Eigenschaften wie Volumen und Oberfläche definiert werden kann.
Beispiele sind Formen wie Würfel, Kugeln und Pyramiden.
Examples include shapes like cubes, spheres, and pyramids.
material specification
A directive information entity that defines the composition, properties, performance criteria, and acceptable standards for a material, guiding its selection, processing, and application in a specific context.
The intent of the specification datum is to express the "Sollwert" of some qualitiy or behavioral material property. Then, the specification datum can be further specified by some value specification.
specification datum
A directive information entity that provides information of a setpoint of some value, i.e., it is an intended value.
The setpoint value of a ultimate tensile strength of some steel material
unit cell
Unit cell is a site which is a part of a crystal lattice and represents the smallest volume, from which the lattice can be constructed by translational displacements. Unit cell is characterized by the length of its sides and their angular relations.
TODO: 1. check if located in is meant to be used this way 2. Is there a better alternative to has part?
crystal lattice
Crystal lattice is a site which has unit cell as part and is location of a crystal. It represents a periodic array of points in space, which describe the arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystal.
crystallographic plane
Crystallographic plane is a fiat surface which is part of a crystal lattice and which is denoted by Miller indices of a plane.
crystallographic direction
Crystallographic direction is a fiat line which is part of a crystal lattice and which is denoted by Miller indices of a direction.
TODO 1. think if its actually 1D.. 2. Review the definitions of sublcasses
Miller indices
Miller indices is an information content entity which denotes crystallographic direction, crystallographic plane, or lattice point, i.e., defines their position in respect to the coordinate system of a crystal lattice, and has exactly 3 interger literals, namely h, k. and l.
has Miller index
has Miller index is a top-level annotation property to specify Miller indices of crystallographic plane, direction, or lattice point.
has h
has h specifies an integer of a h Miller index in a hkl set
has k
has k specifies an integer of a k Miller index in a hkl set
has l
has l specifies an integer of a l Miller index in a hkl set
direction Miller indices
Direction Miller indices define the components of a sinlge vector in the given direction in a crystal's unit cell. Usually, direction Miller indices are reduced to the lowest set of integers. Direction Miller indices must be written in square brackets, e.g., [hkl].
family of directions Miller indices
Set of directions Miller indices define the components of symmetrically equivalent directions in a crystal lattice. Set of directions Miller indices must be written as <hkl>.
plane Miller indices
Plane Miller indices define the reciprocals of the fractional intercepts the plane makes with the crystallographic axes, reduced to the lowest set of integers. For example, if a plane crosses [100] axis at 1/h, [010 ] axis at 1/k, and [001] axis at 1/l, then such plane is denoted as (hkl) plane. If a plane is parallel to one of the axes, then the corresponding Miller index is 0. Plane Miller indices must be written in round brackets, e.g., (hkl).
family of planes Miller indices
Set of planes Miller indices define set of symmetrically equivalent planes. Set of planes must be written in curly brackets, e.g., {hkl}.
point Miller indices
Point Miller indices define the coordinates of a point within a unit cell of a crystal. Point Miller indices must be given in round brackets separated by commas, e.g., (h, k, l).
defintion from Introduction to Textur Analysis. TODO: add proper annnotation property
('quality of' some 'crystal lattice') potentially crystal system is a quality of a crystal lattice. But then we need the connection between crystal lattice, grains, etc. and its complicated
crystal system
lattice type
Crystal system is a intensive quality of a crystal lattice which describes the arrangement of lattice points in an infinite 3D space in such way that each lattice point has an identical environment to that around every other lattice point. It is specified by one of the 7 crystaa sytem value.
lattice centering
Lattice centering is an intensive quality ofa crystal lattice which the geometric arrangement of lattice points in a unit cell. It is specified by one of the 4 lattice centering value.
crystal system value
crystal system value is a categorical value specification which describes the grouping of crystal structures according to the axial system used to describe their lattice It is a set of three axes in a particular geometrical arrangement: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, rhombohedral (trigonal), hexagonal, and cubic (isometric).
triclinic
Triclinic crystal system is a crystal system with only translational symmetry.
monoclinic
Monoclinic crystal system is a crystal system with one twofold rotation axis or one mirror plane.
orthorhombic
Orthorhombic crystal system is a crystal system with three twofold rotation axes or one twofold rotation axis and two mirror planes
tetragonal
Tetragonal crystal system is a crystal system with one fourfold rotation axis.
rhombohedral
trigonal
Rhombohedral ( trigonal) crystal system is a crystal system with one threefold rotation axis.
hexagonal
Hexagonal crystal system is a crystal system with one sixfold rotation axis.
cubic
Cubic crystal system is a crystal system with fourfold rotation axes.
lattice centering value
Lattice centering value is a categorical value specification which describes th geometric arrangement of lattice points in a unit cell with one of the values: primitive, body centered, face centered, base centered.
'immaterial entity' and ('part of' some ('crystal lattice' and ('has quality' some ('crystal system' and ('specified by value' value cubic)))))
crystallographic entity in cubic system
grain orientation
Grain orientation is an intensive quality of grains in material's microstructure, which describes the crystallographic orientation in respect to the external (sample's) reference frame. Grain orientation can be a quality of an individual grain / crystallite or of a polycrystal, i.e., several grsins with similar crystallographic orientations. Grain orientation can be specified by either texture fibers or texture components. When several grains exhibit similar orientations, then the material exhibits a specific crystallographic texture.
primitive
Primitive centering type is a centering type, where lattice points are located only on the corners of a unit cell, i.e., at coordinates (0,0,0).
body centered
Body centered centering type is a centering type, where lattice points are located on the corners of a unit cell, i.e., at coordinates (0,0,0), and at the center of a unit cell, i.e., at coordinates (1/2,1/2,1/2).
face centered
Face centered centering type is a centering type, where lattice points are located on the corners of a unit cell, i.e., at coordinates (0,0,0), and at the center of each faces of a unit cell, i.e., at coordinates (1/2,1/2,0), (1/2,0,1/2), and (0,1/2,1/2).
base centered
Base centered centering type is a centering type, where lattice points are located on the corners of a unit cell, i.e., at coordinates (0,0,0), and one additional lattice point is located at the center of a base of the cell, i.e., at coordinates (1/2,1/2,0).
is tetragonal
'denoted by' o 'member of' o 'has Miller indices family under tetragonal symmetry'
denoted by family under tetragonal symmetry
has symmetry
is triclinic
is monoclinic
is orthorhombic
is rhombohedral
is hexagonal
denoted by family under triclinic symmetry
denoted by family under monoclinic symmetry
denoted by family under orthorhombic symmetry
denoted by family under rhombohedral symmetry
denoted by family under hexagonal symmetry
Euler angles
In crystallography Euler angles are three angles which describe orientation of a sinlge crystal in respect to the sample's coordinate system. By aligning coordinate system of every crystal in the sample to the sample's coordinate system, anisotropy of material's properties can be investigated.
Bunge Euler angles
Bunge Euler angles define the Euler angles according to the Bunge notations, which define the three subsequent rotations about fixed axes, namely ZXZ, i.e., the first rotation is around the z axis, second around the x axis and third again around the z.
crystallographic entity in triclinic system
crystallographic entity in monoclinic system
crystallographic entity in orthorhombic system
crystallographic entity in tetragonal system
crystallographic entity in rhombohedral system
crystallographic entity in hexagonal system
denoted by family
'denoted by' o 'member of' o 'has Miller indices family under cubic symmetry'
'denoted by' o 'under symmetry' o 'is cubic' o inverse ('under symmetry') o 'has member' o 'member of'
'denoted by' o 'under cubic symmetry' o 'member of' o 'under cubic symmetry'
denoted by family under cubic symmetry
is cubic
relative permeability
Relative permeability is type of magnetic permeability which is defined as a ratio of the material's permeability µ to that of free space µ0.
TODO: which determines the directions in a sheet material in respect to the rolling direction. Rolled sheet direction is a part of material or object.
rolled sheet direction
Rolled sheet direction is a fiat line which is part of rolled material's intrinsic reference frame.
rolled sheet direction value
Rolled sheet directions is a categorical value specification which specifies the rolled sheet direction. It includes rolling direction (RD), transverse direction (TD), and normal direction (ND)
TODO: the axiom is a thin ice. Decide if application of the MF MUST be a part of an assay
magnetic field alternating frequency
Magnetic field alternating current is a process attribute of an application of magnetic field describing how many times per second the applied magnetic field changes its direction.
400 Hz frequency of an Epstein measurment
plot
A plot is a 2-D information content entity describing a dependency of one variable on another.
B-H curve, stress-strain curve
B-H curve
B-H curve is a plot which describes the dependency of magnetic flux density B on magnetic field strength H in soft and hard magnetic materials.
stress-strain curve
Stress-strain curve is a plot which describes the dependency of deformation in a sample on the applied stress (force per unit area).
coercitivy in the rolling direction
orientation distribution function
ODF
Orientation distrubution function (ODF) is a 3D information content entity which quantitively describes texture (preferred crystallographic orientation of grains) in polycrystalline materials. ODF can be caclulated from pole figures obtained from the diffraction patterns.
EBSD map
EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) map represents a information content entity which is determined analytically from data obtrained from EBSD characterization. EBSD map provides information about grain size and grain orientation.
TODO: The definition has to be refined. TODO: Write axioms based on the definition
quasi-static (DC) characterization of magnetic properties
Quasi-static (DC) characterization is a magnetic properties analyzing process for soft magnetic sheet materials which aims to determine a static magnetic curve of the tested material. During the test, the current in the primary winding is changed slowly, thus the frequency of a magnetic field remains low, i.e., below 0.01 Hz. The output of the quasi-static characterization of magnetic properties is a static B-H curve, which provides information on hysteresis loss Ph, saturation induction Bsat, coercivity Hc, remanence Br, and maximum permeability µmax. During DC characterization primarily domain wall motion and pinning effects play role.
Measurement of hysteresis losses; measurement of saturation magnetic induction at specified maximal magnetic field, e.g., 5000 A/m.
Dynamic (AC) characterization of magnetic properties is a magnetic properties analyzing process for soft magnetic sheet materials which aims to determine the total energy loss of a tested material at specific frequency and magnetic flux density. During the test, the current in the primary winding is changed with frequency between 50-400 Hz to ensure sinusoidal waveform of the magnetic flux density at Bpeak. The output of the dynamic characterization of magnetic properties is a B-H curve, which provides information on total core loss Ptot and dynamic permeability µdyn.
TODO: refine defintion TODO: write axioms
dynamic (AC) characterization of magnetic properties
Measurement of total power (iron) loss at given current frequency and maximal magnetic induction, e.g. 50 Hz and 1.5 T, or 400 Hz and 1.0 T
magnetic property analyzing process using Epstein frame
Magnetic property analyzing process using Epstein frame is a standardized assay which uses Epstein frame to test magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials, where several (how many) strips are stacked.
magnetic property analyzing process using single sheet tester
magnetic property analyzing process using single sheet tester is an assay for determining magnetic properties of soft mangetic materials, where magnetic field H is applied to a single sheet.
magnetic property analyzing process using thoroidal core
Magnetic property analyzing process using thoroidal core is an assay for determing magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials, where the sample has closed wound ring core shape. As the ring shape does not have any air gaps or joint losses, this testing procedure provides information on most intrinsic material properties.
Cold rolling is a rolling process which aims to reduce thickness of a metallic sheet. Cold rolling takes place at room temperature.
cold rolling
Hot rolling is a rolling process which aims to reduce the thickness of a sheet material. Hot rolling takes place at temperatures above alloy's recrystallization temperature.
hot rolling
Occurence of magnetic flux is a process that (realizes??) responds with magnetic flux in the material when some magnetic field is applied.
occurence of magnetic flux
follows Arrhenius equation. Has part grain growth and recovery.
recrystallization
Recrystallization is a naturally occuring process which occurs in metallic materials and during which deformed grains are replaced by new defect-free grains. Recrystallization is a thermally activated process, i.e., it requires sufficiently high temperatures for the process to occur. Thus, recrystallization is a process which is part of annealing heat treatment.
recovery
Recovery is a naturally occuring process which occurs in metallic materials and during which the reduction of stored deformation energy in grains occurs due to the removal and rearragement of crystal structure defects (dislocations). Recovery is a part of recrystallization process, thus it is a thermally activated process, which occurs during annealing heat treatment.
grain growth
Grain growth is a process which occurs in polycrystalline materials. The driving force of grain growth is reduction of the interal energy via reduction of the total grain boundary. Grain growth is a thermally activated process which occurs after recovery and (primary) recrystallization.
domain wall motion
Domain wall motion is a naturally occuring process which occurs in ferromagnetic materials due to the external stimulus such as applied magnetic field.
domain wall pinning
Domain wall pinning is a naturally occuring process which occurs in ferromagnetic materials when domain wall montion is temporally inhibited due to an energy barrier.
Rolling is a shaping process in which material is passed through under a roll with the goal of reducing the thickness of a semi-finished object. After rolling the mateiral deformed microstructure, which is characterized by elongated defomed grains, high dislocation density, high internal strains, and preferred grain orientation.
rolling
The defintion has potential
strip-casting
Strip-casting is a primary shaping from fluid state process for metals and alloys. During Strip-casting the melt flows between two rolls resulting in the strip.
Schmieden
forging
Forging is a pressure forming process of metals and alloys. During forging the material is heated to forging temperature and formed to the desired form using either hammers and anvils or heat-resistant upper and lower dies.
normalizing
Normalizing is a heat treatment process which aims to create uniform grain structure and improve toughness of an alloy. During normalizing the material is heated above its critical temperature, kept at this temperature for a period of time, and then cooled in the air.
annealing
Annealing is a heat treatment process which aims to soften an alloy and relieve internal stresses. The material is heated above its critical termperature at which recrystallization occurs. After holding the material at the temperature, it is cooled in a slow and controlled way usually inside an oven.
rolling direction (RD)
transverse direction (TD)
normal direction (ND)
longitudinal direction
Longitudinal direction is a rolled sheet direction along the dimension in which an anisotropic material property is measured. Longitudinal direction might be parallel to the rolling or transversal direction of a rolled material, and it is always normal to the rolling direction.
scanning electron microscopy
SEM
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy where a focused beam of electrons scans the surface of an object. An image is created by detecting electrons reflected from the surface. Thus, SEM provides information on the surface and composition of the sample.
TODO: 1. Refine definition 2. Maybe remove the categorical values
rolling direction
Rolling direction is a rolled sheet direction that is specified by rolling direction (RD).
electron backscatter diffraction
Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) is a SEM based technique for characterizing material's local microstructure. EBSD provides an information about phases and their distribution in the material, grain structure, grain size, grain boundary, texture (crystallographic orientation of individual grains), and local strain variation.
EBSD
transverse direction
normal direction
Normal direction is a rolled sheet direction which is normal to the rolling plane of the sheet.
waterjet cutting
Waterjet cutting is a cutting process, where waterjet cutter is a participant and it realizes some cutting function.
number of strips
Number of strips is a extensive quality of a disconnected material entity aggregate which has parts individual strips of an electrical sheet and characterizes how many strips or sheets are present in a packet, used for Epstein or thoroidal core measurement or construction of stators and rotors
An instance belonging to the class should be rather inferred as asserted.
tensile strength in the rolling direction
Tensile strength in to the rolling direction is a tensile strength which is measured on a sample cut parallel to the rolling direction.
coercitivy in the transversal direction
remanence in the rolling direction
laser cutting
Laser cutting is a cutting process, where lasercutter is a participant and it realizes some cutting function.
texture parameter Aθ
Texture parameter is a intensive quality which quantifies crystallographic texture in materials. Texture parameter is defined as a minimun angle between the magnitization vector and the closest <100> direction in a crystal. Texture parameter can be derived from orientation distribution function (ODF) by integrating ODF f(g) multiplied by Aθ(g) over orientations dg.
direction averaged texture parameter A
Direction averaged texture parameter A is a intensive quality which quantifies crystallographic texture in materials, which are utilized in applications where applied magnetic field is equally distributed in the rolling plane (RP) of the material. Direction averaged texture parameter A is derived from the texture parameter Aθ by integrating Aθ over dθ. For noriented electrical steels it can be simplified as (A0 + 2*A45 + A90) / 4, where A0, A45, and A90 are values of texture parameter Aθ for an applied magnetic field which encloses an angle of 0, 45, and 90 with the rolling direction, respectively.
texture factor
Texture factor is an intensive quality used to quantify texture in materials. It is determined as sum of volume fractions of Goss and Cube texture components divided by the volume fraction of γ-fiber orientations.
transmission electron microscopy
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a type of electron microscopy where a beam of electrons goes through a sample. An image is created by detecting electrons transmitted through the sample. Thus, TEM provides information on the crystal structure, morphology and stress state of the sample
electron probe microanalysis
EPMA
Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is a technique to non-destructively determine the chemical element composition of small volumes of solid materials. In EPMA an electron beam is focued on a single point of a surface of a sample. The energy of an electron beam is high enough for electrons to pentrate deeper in the sample causing excitation of characteristic x-rays. An x-ray spectrometer detects those characteristic x-rays providing information about materials chemical composition.
A low H_c​ is desirable for soft magnetic materials like electrical steel, indicating easy magnetization and demagnetization
coercivity
coercive field strength
Coercivity is a magnetic property which is stimulated under an application of magnetic field. It describesthe value of the magnetic field strength H required to reduce the Magnetic Flux Density B back to zero after the material has been driven to the saturation of magnetic flux density B_sat.
magnetic induction
magnetic flux density
Magnetic induction is a magnetic property stimulated by an applied extermal magnetic field H. It characterizes the response of magnetic domains within a material to the applied magnetic field, i.e., the alignment of the magnetic domains and the stregnth of the total induced magnetic field in the material.
remanence
remnant Induction
Remanence is the magnetic induction B that remains in the material when the magnetic field strength H is reduced to zero.
saturation induction
saturation magnetic flux density
Saturation induction is a magnetic property which is stimulated under an application of magnetic field. It characterizes the maximum induction B a material can achieve, i.e., the saturation induction is reached when it remains unchanged with increasing magnetic field strength H.
Bsat
magnetic permeability
Magnetic permeability is a magnetic property that measures ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself, and can be determined as the ratio between magnetic flux density / induction B and applied magnetic field strength H (μ=B/H).
magnetic power loss
Magnetic power loss is a magnetic property of materials which describes dissipated energy due to application of an external magnetic field H.
Anamalous loss is propotional to the frequency of the alternating magnetic field f^3/2.
Anomalous loss can be reduced byy minimizing domain wall spacing to ensure more uniform magnetization. This can be achieved by controlling grain size and crystallographic texure.
anomalous loss
Anomalous loss is a type of a magnetic power loss which is determined as a difference between total magnetic power loss P_tot and the sum of both hysteresis loss P_hys and eddy current loss P_e. Anomalous loss is attributed to the localized, microscopic eddy currents generated by the motion of individual magnetic domain walls.
Eddy current loss can be reduced by using thinner sheets and increasing Si content, which raises resistivity ρ.
The value of eddy current loss is proportional to the alternating frequency of an applied magnetic field f, sheet thickness d, and the peak induction Bsat, and inversely proportinal to the electric resistivity ρ. Pe∝f2⋅d2⋅Bp2​/ρ
eddy current loss
Eddy current loss is a type of magnetic power loss which is attributed to the macroscopic circulating electrical currents which are induced by the change of the magnetic flux dB/dt in the bulk of a material.
Hysteresis loss can be reduced by controlling chemical composition, i.e., reducing nonmetallic impurities and increasing Si content, and by controlling microstructure, i.e., achieving large uniform grains with minimizing inclusions and precipitates.
hysteresis loss
Hysteresis loss is a type of magnetic power lossses attributed dissipation of energy due to the irreversible motion of a magnetic domain wall. The value of hystereis loss is equivalent to the area of a static B-H curve.
Phys
Total magnetic power loss is magnetic property of a material which describes its performance in an external magnetic field. Total magnetic power loss is a sum of hysteresis P_hys, eddy current P_e, and anomalous losses P_a.
total magnetic power loss
P_tot
electrical resistivity
The electrical resistivity is an electrical property describing the ability of a material to oppose the flow of electric current. It is reciprocal to electric conductivity.
Derivative dB/dH
differential permeability
Differential permeability is the instantaneous slope of the magnetization curve or hysteresis loop at any given point
incremental permeability
How easily the material magnetizes from rest
initial permeability
Initial permeability characterizes the slope of the tangent to the magnetization curve at the origin, i.e., H=0 and B=0. It represents the permeability in the weakest magnetic fields
The maximum value of the normal permeability (the steepest line from the origin to the magnetization curve).
maximum permeability
Maximum permeability is the steepest part of the B-H curve, where the material most readily accepts field. it indicates the easiest magnetization point of the material,
µmax
A line from the origin to the loop tip
normal permeability
Normal permeabilty is the ratio of the peak magnetic induction B_max to the peak magnetic field strength H_max for a specific magnitization cycle.
reversible permeability
magnetic power loss at 1.5 T / 50 Hz
This object property is not intended to be used between intances.
geometrically related
Geometrically related is a top-level object property to describe geometrical relations between different spatial regions
Parallel to is an object property which connect two or more spatial regions that are parallel to each other
parallel to
<111> family of directions in crystals are parellel to normal direction (ND) of a sample in γ-fiber texture component
normal to
Normal to is a object property which describes geometric relation between two spatial regions which are normal to each other
magnetic power loss at 1.0 T / 400 Hz
Magnetic power loss at 1.0 T / 400 Hz is a total magnetic power loss that has been determined at 1.0 T of maximum magnetic induction B and 400 Hz of frequency of alternating magnetic field
magnetic field strength
Magnetic field strength is a process attribute of an aplication of magnetic field process which characterizes the magnitude the external / applied magnetic field.
magnetic susceptibility
Magnetic susceptibility is a disposition of a material which describes how responsive the material is to an applied magnetic field. It is a relation between the induced magnetization M and the magnetic field H.
reduction of thickness
Reduction of thickness is a relational quality between a sheet material before and after a rolling process. Reduction of thickness characterizes relation between the final and initial sheet thickness usually given in percent.
90% reduction of thickess during cold rolling from 3 mm to 0.30 mm.
orientation distribution function calculation
remanence in the transversal direction
tensile strength in the transversal direction
Tensile strength in to the transversal direction is a tensile strength which is measured on a sample cut parallel to the transversal direction.
incomplete pole figure
Incomplete pole figure is a pole figure that lacks intensity data for high tilt angles α.
complete pole figure
Complete pole figure is a pole figure which covers the full 0° - 90° range of tilt angles α
tensile strength at the 45° to the rolling direction
Tensile strength at the 45° to the rolling direction is a tensile strength which is measured on a sample cut to the 45° to the rolling direction.
total magnetic power loss in the rolling direction
total magnetic power loss in the transversal direction
yield strength at the 45° to the rolling direction
Yield strength at the 45° to the rolling direction is a yield strength which is measured on a sample cut to the 45° to the rolling direction.
yield strength in the rolling direction
Yield strength in to the rolling direction is a yield strength which is measured on a sample cut parallel to the rolling direction.
yield strength in the transversal direction
Yield strength in to the transversal direction is a yield strength which is measured on a sample cut parallel to the transversal direction.
peak magnetic polarization in the rolling direction
Peak magnetic polarization in the rolling direction is a peak magnetic polarization measured exclusively in the rolling direction of an electrical sheet.
peak magnetic polarization in the transversal direction
Peak magnetic polarization in the transversal direction is a peak magnetic polarization measured exclusively in the transversal direction of an electrical sheet.
α-fiber texture
α-fiber texture component is a type of crystallographic texture which is quality of grain population, i.e., several grains, having a similar orientation (within a misorientation threshold) in relation to the material's reference frame: <110> family of crystallographic directions are oriented parallel to the rolling direction (RD) of a sheet material.
Note on a crystal structure: theoretically possible in both bcc and fcc because <100> are the same types of directions practically lambda fiber is not stable in fcc because of the slip systems
λ-fiber texture
λ-fiber texture component is a type of crystallographic texture which is quality of grain population, i.e., several grains, having a similar orientation (within a misorientation threshold) in relation to the material's reference frame: <100> family of crystallographic directions are oriented parallel to the normal direction (ND) of a sheet material, i,e., normal to the rolling plane.
η-fiber texture
η-fiber texture component is a type of crystallographic texture which is quality of grain population, i.e., several grains, having a similar orientation (within a misorientation threshold) in relation to the material's reference frame: <100> family of crystallographic directions are oriented parallel to the rolling direction (RD) of a sheet material.
yield strength ratio at 45° to the rolling direction
Yield strength ratio at the 45° to the rolling direction is a Yield strength ratio which is measured on a sample cut to the 45° to the rolling direction.
cube texture component
Cube texture component is a type of crystallographic texture which is quality of grain population, i.e., several grains, having a similar orientation (within a misorientation threshold) in relation to the material's reference frame: <100> family of crystallographic directions are oriented parallel to the rolling direction (RD) of a sheet material and {100} family of crystallographic planes are oriented parallel to the rolling plane of a sheet material.
rotated cube texture component
Rotated cube texture component is a type of crystallographic texture which is quality of grain population, i.e., several grains, having a similar orientation (within a misorientation threshold) in relation to the material's reference frame: <110> family of crystallographic directions are oriented parallel to the rolling direction (RD) of a sheet material and {100} family of crystallographic planes are oriented parallel to the rolling plane of a sheet material.
Goss texture component
Goss texture component is a type of crystallographic texture which is quality of grain population, i.e., several grains, having a similar orientation (within a misorientation threshold) in relation to the material's reference frame: <100> family of crystallographic directions are oriented parallel to the rolling direction (RD) of a sheet material and {110} family of crystallographic planes are oriented parallel to the rolling plane of a sheet material.
rotated Goss texture component
Rotated Goss texture component is a type of crystallographic texture which is quality of grain population, i.e., several grains, having a similar orientation (within a misorientation threshold) in relation to the material's reference frame: <110> family of crystallographic directions are oriented parallel to the rolling direction (RD) of a sheet material and {110} family of crystallographic planes are oriented parallel to the rolling plane of a sheet material.
rolling plane
Rolling plane is a fiat surface which is a geometric basis of a rolled material. Rolling plane is normal to the normal direction. Rolling plane is a parallel to and has parts rolling, transverse, and longitudinal directions.
γ-fiber texture
γ-fiber texture component is a type of crystallographic texture which is quality of grain population, i.e., several grains, having a similar orientation (within a misorientation threshold) in relation to the material's reference frame: <111> family of crystallographic directions are oriented parallel to the normal direction (ND) of a sheet material, i.e., normal to the rolling plane.
yield strength ratio in the rolling direction
Yield strength ratio in to the rolling direction is a Yield strength ratio which is measured on a sample cut parallel to the rolling direction.
yield strength ratio in the transversal direction
Yield strength ratio in to the transversal direction is a Yield strength ratio which is measured on a sample cut parallel to the transversal direction.
percentage elongation after fracture at 45° to the rolling direction
Percentage elongation after fracture at 45° to the rolling direction is percentage elongation after fracture which is measured on a sample cut to the 45° to the rolling direction.
percentage elongation after fracture in the rolling direction
Percentage elongation after fracture in the rolling direction is percentage elongation after fracture which is measured on a sample cut parallel to the rolling direction.
percentage elongation after fracture in the transversal direction
Percentage elongation after fracture in the transversal direction is percentage elongation after fracture which is measured on a sample cut parallel to the transversal direction.
percentage plastic extension at maximum force at 45° to the rolling direction
Percentage plastic extension at maximum force at 45° to the rolling direction is percentage elongation at maximum force which is measured on a sample cut to the 45° to the rolling direction.
percentage plastic extension at maximum force in the rolling direction
Percentage plastic extension at maximum force in the rolling direction is percentage elongation at maximum force which is measured on a sample cut parallel to the rolling direction.
percentage plastic extension at maximum force in the transversal direction
Percentage plastic extension at maximum force in the transversal direction is percentage elongation at maximum force which is measured on a sample cut parallel the transversal direction.
saturation induction in the rolling direction
Saturation induction in the rolling direction is a saturation induction measured exclusively in the rolling direction of an electrical sheet.
saturation induction in the transversal direction
Saturation induction in the transversal direction is a saturation induction measured exclusively in the transversal direction of an electrical sheet.
differential permeability in the rolling direction
differential permeability in the transversal direction
maximum permeability in the rolling direction
maximum permeability in the transversal direction
relative permeability in the rolling direction
relative permeability in the transversal direction
reversible permeability in the rolling direction
reversible permeability in the transversal direction
Stanzen
stamping
Stamping is a separating process, a stamping press is a participant and it realizes some cutting function.
explicit
implicit
rolling mill
Rolling mill is device which is a participant in a rolling process, has a function of reducing thickness of an object that is specified input to the rolling process, and this function is realized in the rolling process.
thickness reduction function
Thickness reduction function is a function to reduce thickness of a material.
Number of rolling passes is a process attribute of a rolling process which specifies how many times a piece of material have been passed between rolling mills to achieve desired thickness.
number of rolling passes
percentage plastic extension at fracture at 45° to the rolling direction
Percentage plastic extension at fracture at 45° to the rolling direction is percentage elongation atfracture which is measured on a sample cut to the 45° to the rolling direction.
percentage plastic extension at fracture in the rolling direction
Percentage plastic extension at fracture in the rolling direction is percentage elongation atfracture which is measured on a sample cut parallel the rolling direction.
for embedding
deviation angle
Deviation angle is a geometric relational quality relevant for the crystallographic texture analysis. Deviation angle represents an angle between two crystallographic planes which are denoted by the same Miller indices, namely a crystallographic plane which is perfectly parallel to the rolling plane of a sheet material and a crystallographic plane in a crystal grain which is a part of the material.
percentage plastic extension at fracture in the transversal direction
Percentage plastic extension at fracture in the transversal direction is percentage elongation at fracture which is measured on a sample cut parallel the transversal direction.
inclusion role
Inclusion role is a role of object aggregate which is a part of microstructure of an alloy: These object aggregates are second-phase particles embedded in the alloy matrix, and are thermodynamically distinct from the matrix.
Curation status: need more sophisticated axioms to detect metallic / non-metallic type. Will be inferable in the future
metallic inclusion role
Matallic inclusion role is a inclusion role of some object aggregate, which members have metallic bond.
non-metallic inclusion role
Non-metallic inclusion role is a inclusion role of some object aggregate, which members have non-metallic bond.
Non-metallic inclusion role of SiO₂, MnS, AlN, Si₃N₄, etc.
diffraction process
Diffraction process is a structural property analyzing process which utilizes diffraction of either electron, x-ray, or neutron waves to determine material's crystal structure, crystallographic texture, (phase) composition, and presence of defects.
diffractometer
Diffractometer is a device which detects the intensity of a beam of either electrons, x-rays, or neutrons scattered from a material during a diffraction process.
EBSD system
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) system is a diffractomter which detects diffracted electrons in the chamber of a scanning electron microscope.
maximal magnetic field strength
Maximal magnetic field is a maximal value of a magnetic field has has to be achieved during characterization of magnetic properties
Hmax
electron microscope accelerating voltage
Electron microscope accelerating voltage is a process attribute of an electron microscopy assay which describes the value of a voltage applied to the electron source to extract electrons from the source and accelerate them in the direction of a sample
TODO refine the axiom: 1. Add reference frames for sample and material? 2. longitudinal direction as sublcass of fiat line?
angle to rolling direction
Angle to rolling direction is a relational quality which characterizes the orientation of a sample cut from a rolled material in respect to the rolling direction (RD) of this material.
Sample cut at 30° to rolling direction of a annealed nonoriented electrical steel.
The axiom is not expressible in OWL. SHACL restriction?
α*-fiber texture
α*-fiber texture is a type of crystallographic texture which is quality of grain population, i.e., several grains, having a similar orientation (within a misorientation threshold) in relation to the material's reference frame: {11h} family of crystallographic planes are oriented parallel to the rolling plane of a sheet material and <1/h12> family of crystallographic directions are oriented parallel to the rolling direction (RD) of a sheet material.
magnetic properties measuring device
Magnetic properties measuring device is a device that measures a hysteresis curve, i,e., its corresponding characteristic points, hysteresis loss, and total magnetic loss, of soft magnetic materials by applying alternating (AC) or quasi-static (DC) electric current on copper coils to produde external magnetic field.
Single sheet tester (SST), Epstein frame, Ring core tester
fillet radius
Fillet radus is a charactereristic paramater of a geometry of a tensile test specimen which characterizes the radius of the curved sections (fillets) connecting the gripping ends to the reduced gauge length in a standard "dog-bone" specimen is specifically dimensioned to prevent stress concentrations from causing premature failure outside the gauge length.
average grain size
Average grain size is an intensive quality of a material which describes the average diameter of grains in the material's microstructure.
Grain population is a disconnected material aggregate which has crystallites ias parts. Grain population represents grains which not necesserly spatially connected (unlike polycrystal) but share some collective quality, such as preffered crystallographic orientation.
grain population
TODO add axioms 1. When the magnetic qualities are realized 2. Especially for peak values that would be interesting
magnetic polarization
Magnetic polarization is a magnetic property which is a measure of intrinsic magnetization of a material (alignment of magnetic dipoles) as a response to the externaly applied magnetic field H. It is determined as a difference between magnetic induction B and the external field µ0*H.
Electrical steel is a steel material which has only ferritic metallic grain structure and uses silicon as the main alloying element. It manufactured in a form of a sheet and designed to exibit superior magenetic properties either in all directions (non-orieneted) or in a sinlge direction (oriented).
electrical steel
non-oriented electrical steel
Non-oriented electrical steel is an electrical steel material which exhibits isotropic magnetic properties in all direction in the sheet plane.
TODO: 1. Import W/kg units 2. Add units to the equivalent class 3. Think of adding nomical thickness class 4. Check the some in the decimal
NO27-14 is a non-oriented electrical steel which has characteristic total magnetic losses P1.0/400 of max 14 W/kg and a quality thickness of 0.27 mm.
peak magnetic polarization
saturation polatization
Peak magnetic polarization is a maximum magnetic polarization that a material exhibits under the applied external magnetic field Hmax.
Jsat
Epstein frame is a measuring device of magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials, especially electrical steels. It consists of outer primary (magnetizing) winding, which surrounds the inner secondary (measuring) winding, and both windings are distributed across the four coils of the frame. The steel strips are inserted pairwise into the opposite coils.
Epstein frame
Single sheet tester is a measuring device of soft magnetic properties of sheet materials, especially electrical steels. It consists of a single coil system to magnetize the sample with and and a pick-up coil to detect polarization in the material.
sinlge sheet tester
thoroidal core setup
Thoroidal core setup is a measuring device of a hysteresis curve of magnetic materials. The specimen shape is a thoroid, around which a magnitization coil is closely wound.
ring core setup
NOES Onto: Nonoriented Electrical Steel Ontology
'characteristic of' some (object and ('is specified output of' some ('tensile testing process' and ('has specified input' some (object and ('has quality' some 'original gauge length'))))))
Verlängerung
elongation
Zunahme der Anfangsmesslänge zu einem beliebigen Zeitpunkt während des Versuchs
increase in the original gauge length at any moment during the test
DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019
Dimensional analysis: L Unit (e.g. SI): mm
Hinweis: Die Dehnung kann mit verschiedenen Kanälen gemessen werden (z. B. bei Verwendung von einem oder zwei Dehnungsmesserkanälen); in der Regel wird als Dehnungswert der mittlere Durchschnittswert der beteiligten Kanäle angegeben, falls zutreffend. Hinweis: Die optische Längenänderungsmessung kann eine besondere Methode der Datenspeicherung erfordern.
Note: The extension might be measured using different channels (e.g. when using one or two extensometer channels); usually, the mean average value of involved channels is given as extension value, if applicable. Note: Optical extensometry may require a specific data storage method.
Verlängerung (der Extensometer-Messlänge)
extension
Increase in the extensometer gauge length at any moment during a test
Zunahme der Extensometer-Messlänge zu einem beliebigen Zeitpunkt eines Versuchs
broken tested test piece role
The role of a test piece that, as part of a destructive testing process, has been brought to failure and is therefore in a broken physical state after the test.
An unbroken tested test piece role may explicitly also be realized by a destructive testing process that unintendedly actually did not lead to breakage.
unbroken tested test piece role
The role of a test piece that has undergone a test but remains physically intact after the testing process, typically as a result of a non-destructive or non-failure-inducing test.
Ergebnis eines Zugversuches
tensile test result
Data item that represents any result generated during or after a tensile test, independent of its structure, granularity, or encoding format.
Datenobjekt, das ein beliebiges Ergebnis beschreibt, das während oder nach einem Zugversuch erzeugt wird, unabhängig von Struktur, Detaillierungsgrad oder Format der Darstellung.
Streckgrenze
yield strength
Wenn der metallische Werkstoff diese Eigenschaft aufweist: die Spannung zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt während des Versuchs bei dem eine plastische Verformung ohne Zunahme der Kraft auftritt
when the metallic material exhibits a yield phenomenon, stress corresponding to the point reached during the test at which plastic deformation occurs without any increase in the force
Querschnittsfläche
cross section area
Die Querschnittsfläche ist die Fläche eines Schnittes oder eines rechtwinklig geschnittenen oder gebrochenen Stücks eines Objektes in Bezug auf eine Achse.
The cross section area is an area of a cutting or piece of an object cut off or broken at right angles or related to an axis.
End-Probendurchmesser
diameter after fracture
Die Länge einer geraden Linie durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts (Zugprüfstücks), gemessen nach einem Bruch, der während einer Prüfung aufgetreten ist.
The length of a straight line through the center of an object (tensile test piece) as measured after a fracture occured during a test.
Extensometer-Messlänge
extensometer gauge length
Anfangsmesslänge des Dehnungsaufnehmers (Extensometer), die zum Messen der Verlängerung benutzt wird Anmerkung: Für die Bestimmung mehrerer Eigenschaften, die (teilweise oder vollständig) von der Verlängerung abhängig sind, z. B. R_p, A_e oder A_g, ist die Verwendung eines Extensometers zwingend erforderlich.
initial gauge length of the extensometer used for measurement of extension Note: For the determination of several properties which are based (partly or complete) on extension, e. g. R_p, A_e or A_g, the use of an extensometer is mandatory.
L_e
Messlänge nach dem Bruch
final gauge length after fracture
Länge zwischen den Marken zur Kennzeichnung der Messlänge auf der Probe, die nach dem Bruch bei Raumtemperatur gemessen wird, nachdem die beiden Probenbruchstücke sorgfältig so zusammengefügt wurden, dass ihre Achsen in einer Geraden liegen
length between gauge length marks on the test piece measured after rupture, at room temperature, the two pieces having been carefully fitted back together so that their axes lie in a straight line
L_u
Messlänge
gauge length
Länge des parallelen Teils der Probe, an dem zu einem beliebigen Zeitpunkt während des Versuchs die Verlängerung gemessen wird
length of the parallel portion of the test piece on which elongation is measured at any moment during the test
lower yield strength
untere Streckgrenze
kleinste Spannung während des plastischen Fließens, wobei Einschwingerscheinungen nicht berücksichtigt werden
lowest value of stress during plastic yielding, ignoring any initial transient effects
R_eL
Höchstkraft
maximum force
Bei Werkstoffen, die kein diskontinuierliches Fließen zeigen: größte Kraft, der die Probe während des Versuchs standhält Bei Werkstoffen, die ein diskontinuierliches Fließen zeigen: größte Kraft, der die Probe während des Versuchs nach dem Beginn der Verfestigung standhält Anmerkung: Für Werkstoffe, die ein diskontinuierliches Fließen zeigen, aber keine Verfestigung erzielt werden kann, ist die Höchstkraft nicht definiert .
For materials displaying no discontinuous yielding: highest force that the test piece withstands during the test For materials displaying discontinuous yielding: highest force that the test piece withstands during the test after the beginning of work-hardening Note: For materials which display discontinuous yielding, but where no work-hardening can be established, the maximum force is not defined.
Kleinster Querschnitt nach dem Bruch
minimum cross-sectional area after fracture
Dieses Konzept beschreibt die kleinste Querschnittsfläche des Zugprüfkörers, die nach dem Bruch infolge der aufgebrachten Zugkraft erhalten wird. Anmerkung: Sie wird in der Regel senkrecht zur Richtung der aufgebrachten Kraft gemessen und dient zur Berechnung der technischen Spannung während der Prüfung. Anmerkung: Es wird empfohlen, den Anfangsquerschnitt innerhalb der parallelen Länge mit einer Genauigkeit von ±2 % zu messen. Bei runden Prüfkörpern mit kleinem Durchmesser oder Prüfkörpern mit anderen Querschnittsgeometrien ist es jedoch möglicherweise nicht möglich, den Anfangsquerschnitt innerhalb der parallelen Länge mit einer Genauigkeit von ±2 % zu messen.
This concept describes the smallest cross-sectional area of the tensile test piece observed after it has fractured under the applied tensile force. Note: It is typically measured perpendicular to the direction of the applied force and is used to calculate engineering stress during the test. Note: It is recommended to measure the original cross-sectional area of the parallel length to an accuracy of ±2 %. However, measuring the original cross-sectional area of the parallel length with an accuracy of ±2 % on small diameter round test pieces, or test pieces with other cross-sectional geometries, may not be possible.
Anfangsquerschnitt innerhalb der parallelen Länge
original cross-sectional area of the parallel length
Dieses Konzept beschreibt die initiale Querschnittsfläche des Zugprüfkörpers entlang seiner parallelen Länge, bevor eine Verformung auftritt.
This concept describes the initial area of the tensile test piece before any deformation occurs.
Anfangs-Probendurchmesser
original diameter
Die Länge einer geraden Linie durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts (Zugprüfkörpers), die vor einer Prüfung gemessen wird.
The length of a straight line through the center of an object (tensile test piece) as measured prior to a tensile test.
Anfangsmesslänge
original gauge length
Länge zwischen den Marken zur Kennzeichnung der Messlänge auf der Probe, die vor dem Versuch bei Raumtemperatur gemessen wird
length between gauge length marks on the test piece measured at room temperature before the test
L_o
Anfangs-Dicke
original thickness
Diese Entität beschreibt die gemessene Dimension in einer Richtung eines Prüfstücks, wie sie vor der Prüfung gemessen wurde.
This entity describes the measured dimension in one direction of a test piece, as measured before the test.
Anfangs-Breite
original width
Diese Entität beschreibt eine horizontale Messung eines Objekts (Prüfkörpers) im rechten Winkel zur Länge des Objekts (Prüfkörpers), wie sie vor einer Prüfung gemessen wird.
This entity describes a horizontal measurement of an object (test piece) taken at right angles to the length of the object (test piece), as measured before a test.
Dehnung
percentage elongation
Verlängerung, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Anfangsmesslänge
elongation expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length
Bruchdehnung
percentage elongation after fracture
bleibende Verlängerung der Messlänge nach dem Bruch (L_u − L_o), angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Anfangsmesslänge
permanent elongation of the gauge length after fracture (L_u − L_o), expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length
Extensometer-Dehnung
percentage extension
(engineering) strain
technische Dehnung
extension expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length Note: The percentage extension is commonly called engineering strain.
in Prozent angegebene Verlängerung der Extensometer-Messlänge Anmerkung: Die Extensometer-Dehnung wird oftmals auch als technische Dehnung bezeichnet.
Bleibende Dehnung
percentage permanent elongation
Zunahme der Anfangsmesslänge einer Probe nach Entfernen einer festgelegten Zugspannung, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Anfangsmesslänge
increase in the original gauge length of a test piece after removal of a specified stress, expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length
Bleibende Extensometer-Dehnung
percentage permanent extension
Vergrößerung der Extensometer-Messlänge nach Entfernen einer festgelegten, auf die Probe aufgebrachten Zugspannung, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge
increase in the extensometer gauge length, after removal of a specified stress from the test piece, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length
Plastische Extensometer-Dehnung bei Höchstkraft
percentage plastic extension at maximum force
plastic extension at maximum force, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length
plastische Verlängerung der Extensometer-Messlänge bei Höchstkraft, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge
A_g
Brucheinschnürung
percentage reduction of area
größte während des Versuchs aufgetretene Änderung des Querschnitts (S_o − S_u), angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf den Anfangsquerschnitt S_o
maximum change in cross-sectional area which has occurred during the test (S_o − S_u), expressed as a percentage of the original cross-sectional area, S_o
Gesamte Extensometer-Dehnung beim Bruch
percentage total extension at fracture
gesamte Verlängerung (elastische plus plastische Verlängerung) der Extensometer-Messlänge beim Bruch, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge
total extension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) at the moment of fracture, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length
A_t
Gesamte Extensometer-Dehnung bei Höchstkraft
percentage total extension at maximum force
gesamte Verlängerung (elastische plus plastische Verlängerung) der Extensometer-Messlänge bei Höchstkraft, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge
total extension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) at maximum force, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length
A_gt
Streckgrenzen-Extensometer-Dehnung
percentage yield point extension
Bei Werkstoffen, die ein diskontinuierliches Fließen zeigen: Verlängerung der Extensometer-Messlänge zwischen dem Beginn örtlichen Fließens und dem Einsetzen gleichmäßiger Verfestigung, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge
For discontinuous yielding materials: extension between the start of yielding and the start of uniform work-hardening, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length
A_e
Dehngrenze
proof strength
Spannung, bei der ein bestimmter Dehnungswert gleich einem bestimmten Prozentsatz der Messlänge des Dehnungsmessers ist
stress at which the a specific extension value is equal to a specified percentage of the extensometer gauge length
Dehngrenze bei plastischer Extensometer-Dehnung
proof strength plastic extension
Spannung, bei der die plastische Extensometer-Dehnung einem vorgegebenen Prozentanteil der Extensometer-Messlänge entspricht Anmerkung: Der Index wird durch den Zahlenwert ergänzt, der den vorgegebenen Zahlenwert der plastischen Extensometer-Dehnung in Prozent angibt, z. B. R_p_0,2.
stress at which the plastic extension is equal to a specified percentage of the extensometer gauge length Note: A suffix is added to the subscript to indicate the prescribed percentage, e.g. R_p_0.2. Source: ISO 6892-1:2019
R_p
Dehngrenze bei plastischer Extensometer-Dehnung Rp01
proof strength plastic extension rp01
Spannung bei einer plastischen Extensometer-Dehnung, die 0,1 Prozent der Extensometer-Messlänge entspricht
stress at which the plastic extension is equal to 0.1 percent of the extensometer gauge length
Dehngrenze bei plastischer Extensometer-Dehnung Rp02
proof strength plastic extension rp02
Spannung bei einer plastischen Extensometer-Dehnung, die 0,2 Prozent der Extensometer-Messlänge entspricht
stress at which the plastic extension is equal to 0.2 percent of the extensometer gauge length
Dehngeschwindigkeit
strain rate
Zunahme der mit einem Extensometer in der Extensometer-Messlänge gemessenen Dehnung je Zeiteinheit
increase of strain, measured with an extensometer, in extensometer gauge length, per time
e^._L_e
Spannungsgeschwindigkeit
stress rate
Zunahme der Spannung je Zeiteinheit Anmerkung: Die Spannungsgeschwindigkeit wird nur im elastischen Bereich des Versuchs verwendet.
increase of stress per time Note: Stress rate is only used in the elastic part of the test.
Zugfestigkeit
tensile strength
Spannung, die der Höchstkraft entspricht
stress corresponding to the maximum force
R_m
End-Dicke
thickness after fracture
This entity describes the measured dimension in one direction of a test piece, as measured after the test.
Obere Streckgrenze
upper yield strength
höchste Spannung, bevor der erste Kraftabfall auftritt
maximum value of stress prior to the first decrease in force
R_eH
End-Breite
width after fracture
Diese Entität beschreibt eine horizontale Messung eines Objekts (Prüfkörpers) im rechten Winkel zur Länge des Objekts (Prüfkörpers), wie sie nach einer Prüfung gemessen wird.
This entity describes a horizontal measurement of an object (test piece) taken at right angles to the length of the object (test piece), as measured after a test.
area
Streckgrenzenverhältnis
yield strength ratio
Yield strength ratio is a mechanical property which is determined as a ratio between the offset yield Rp0.2 and the ultimate tensile strength Rm.
Streckgrenzenverhältnis ist eine mechanische Eigenschaft, die als Verhältnis zwischen der Dehngrenze Rp0.2 und der Zugfestigkeit Rm bestimmt wird.